how populations change
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HOW POPULATIONS CHANGEChapter 8 Section 1
A POPULATION IS…all the members of a species living
in the same place at the same time
3 PROPERTIES OF POPULATIONS…
SIZE – number of individuals in the population How many?DENSITY – number of individuals per area or volume
How tightly packed? DISPERSION – the distribution or arrangement of
a population within a given space can be dispersed evenly (uniformly), clumped,
random
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT THE SIZE OF A POPULATION? Births, Deaths, Immigration and Emigration
Immigration - when individuals move into a population
Emigration- when individuals leave a population
EMIGRATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
Confederate Colonies of Brazil: The Confederados
o at the end of the Civil War (1860's) some Confederates left the US (emigrated) to South
America o numbered in the thousandso settled primarily in Brazil – coastal areaso some returned to their homes in the United States,
but many more settled permanently in Brazil and their
descendants are living there today
HOW DOES A POPULATION CHANGE?
Populations grow when… there are more births than deaths or when individuals move into the population.
Populations decline when… there are more deaths than births or when individuals leave the population .
POPULATION GROWTH IS…a change in the size of a population over time
GROWTH RATE = birth rate – death rate
Growth rates can be… positive, negative or zero positive growth – more births than deaths negative growth – fewer births than deaths zero growth – number of births = number of
deaths
GROWTH RATE
REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIALThe maximum number of offspring that
each member of a population can produce Some species have higher reproductive
potentials than others Insects have a large reproductive potential as
compared to humans
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
“R” strategists – overcome massive loss of offspring by producing many offspring – in hopes that some will survive
Example – insects
“K” strategists – have fewer offspring and longer generation times
Example - humans
R STRATEGIST (MANY OFFSPRING) OR K STRATEGIST (FEW OFFSPRING)
2 Types of population growth models …
exponential growth and logistic growth
Time
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Populations sometimes undergo exponential growth which means that the population grows faster and faster
“J” shaped graph
Exponential growth occurs in nature only when there is plenty of food and space and little or no competition or predators
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF HUMAN POPULATION
LOGISTICAL GROWTH
Populations sometimes undergo logistical growth which means the growth rate decreases with increasing number of individuals until it becomes zero when the population reaches a maximum
“S” shaped graph
LOGISTICAL GROWTH
LINEAR GROWTH means a population grows by a fixed amount each
generation a steady increase in a population this type of growth is not characteristics of most
populations
WHAT LIMITS THE GROWTH OF A POPULATION?
Carrying Capacity – the maximum population size that an environment (or ecosystem) can sustain
Populations cannot grow indefinitely A population may increase beyond its carrying
capacity but this cannot be maintained Because ecosystems change, the carrying capacity
is difficult to predict or calculate exactly
WHAT ELSE LIMITS A POPULATION?
RESOURCES - water, sunlight, minerals,… The most severely limited resources will
determine the carrying capacity of an environment!
COMPETITION - for food, shelter (habitat) and mates
PREDATORS
2 TYPES OF LIMITING FACTORS IN ECOSYSTEMS
Density Dependent
Factors
Resources that decrease as a
population increases
Density Independent Factors
Environmental factors that affect
all populations equally
Density Dependent Factor(s) – Resources that decrease as a population
increases regulate a population when individuals
are densely packed (crowded) together
Examples – limited resources, predation, disease,
food, water, shelter, space,….
Density Independent Factor(s) – Environmental factors that affect all
populations equally regulate a population regardless of the
population’s density – this type of regulation affects all members of a population Examples – severe weather, current,
natural disasters, climate, temperature, precipitation, salinity,…
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