how did the basic structure of society in e. europe become different from that of w. europe? how did...
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How did the basic structure of society in E. Europe become different from that of W. Europe?
How did the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia manage to build powerful absolutist states?
3 aging empires:A. Holy Roman Empire
B. Republic of Poland
C. Ottoman Empire
3 emerging states: A. AustriaB. PrussiaC. Russia
Never strong … & 30 Years’ War delivered final blow
1648
emperor elected Habsburgs bargain w/ electors to keep
title
imperial diet authority to raise troops & taxes lost
after 30 Yrs. War
Brandenburg-Prussia
Austria
elected king + constitutional liberties weak central authority – power lay in
szlachta & regional diets
Once a might military power: janissaries devshirme sieges on Vienna
in 1529 & 1683
Ottoman print of devshirme in Bulgaria. Every fifth Christian child
taken.
1923 – dissolution
Similar paths of development up to 1300: trade, towns, pop. expansion into frontier opportunities for socioeconomic
advancement
Diverged after 1300:Western Europe Eastern Europe
serfdom abolished serfdom reestablished
weak lords powerful lords
urban agrarian
strong middle class weak middle class
strong states – strong central authority
weak empires – weak central authority
How did eastern European landlords return peasants to serfdom?
(1) restricted movement
(2) took land and labor obligations
How were eastern landlords able to enforce their changes to the condition of the peasantry?
Controlled local justice.
Why did serfdom reemerge in eastern Europe?economic interpretation:
W. Europe had same events but did not reinstate serfdom…
Why did serfdom reemerge in eastern Europe?political interpretation:
Western Europe Eastern Europe
What happened
strong monarchs = landlords power
weak monarchs + war = landlords power
Different concepts of mon. authority
monarch has sovereignty and protects his people
monarch is only 1st among equals; does not protect his people
Peasants More power No power
Towns Stronger / kept privileges Weak / lost privileges
Monarchs vs. landlords successful monarchs gained power in 3 key areas:1) taxation2) army3) foreign policy
Habsburg domains to 1795.
Habsburgs (losers!) turn inward & eastward to strengthen the Austrian state
reestablish control over Bohemia
1529 & 1683 – unsuccessful Ottoman sieges on Vienna
Habsburgs acquire Hungary & Transylvania from Ottomans
new Habsburg state = Austria, Bohemia, + Hungary
1 Habsburg ruler
each state keeps its own gov’t
Pragmatic Sanction (1713) – Habsburg possessions never to be divided, must be passed to 1 heir
Hungary not fully integrated 1703 Rákóczy revolt
Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637) crushes Bohemian Estates &
creates new loyal Bohemian nobility
Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657) consolidates German-speaking
provinces (Austria, Styria, Tyrol) creates permanent standing
army
Charles VI (r. 1711-1740) Pragmatic Sanction (1713) Rákóczy’s revolt
strengthened central authority: unified Brandenburg, Prussia,
lands along the Rhine forced Estates to accept taxation created permanent army
factors enabling his success:
war/invasion threats – produced support for army
successful bargaining w/ Junkers
strengthened royal authority:
great military!!!▪ but few wars …▪ even civil society became
militarized – rigid, disciplined
strengthened bureaucracy
eliminated Junker threat
Similar to W. Europe up to ≈1250: Christian (though Eastern Orthodox) territories unified (11th c.) feudal social structure political fragmentation at various times
1250-1700: Russia becomes quite different due to Mongol rule
Russia is vast. It crosses 2 continents: Europe and Asia.
The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in history. In the 13th c., the Mongols conquered the area around Moscow and Kiev.
unified the eastern Slavs allowed Russian princes who served
them well to retain some authority
Muscovite princes served Mongols well they were rewarded … over time Muscovite princes consolidated power.
1st to stop recognizing the Mongols as Russia’s leaders
Hello Russian absolutism!
Sources of legitimacy – what legitimized the new Russian rulers:1. tsars continued Mongol policies2. got the cooperation of the nobles3. tsars believed they had to carry on Byzantine legacy
(Orthodox Xtianity ; Moscow as “Third Rome” after Constantinople)
1st to take title of “tsar” wars of expansion
successful in the E. – took Mongol land unsuccessful in the W. (Poland-
Lithuania) subjugated boyars – reign of terror service nobles demand more from
peasants peasants flee and form independent outlaw groups = Cossacks
urban traders & artisans bound to towns so Ivan could tax them
limited middle class (vs. W. Europe)
fighting over who would be tsar (Ivan IV’s son died heirless)
bloody Cossack rebellion led by Ivan Bolotnikov (nobles crushed it)
famine and disease invasions by Sweden and Poland
[period ended when the nobles elected Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)]
What were his policies?
What made him “great”?
Was he really great?
tsar: term for the Russian ruler (like “king”)
Muscovy: archaic name for Russia
Muscovite: contemporary term for someone from Moscow or archaic term for someone from Russia
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