how did galileo confirm the heliocentric model of the universe?

How did Galileo confirm the heliocentric model of the universe?

1. What does geocentric mean?The sun is the centre of the universe and planets revolve around itThe earth is the centre of the universe and the planets revolve around itAnother name for the centre of the earth

2. Who devised the geocentric model?CopernicusPtolemyGalileo

3. Why didn't Copernicus' model of the universe include Uranus, Neptune and Pluto

He didn't like themThey didn't exist thenHis telescope wasn't good enough to see them

4. Which planet's moons did Galileo observe?JupiterUranusMars

Refraction

Light bends towardsThe normal as it goesInto a more densemedium

Refraction in lenses

The distance betweenThe focus and the Lens is the focal length

Refracting telescope – real image

Reflecting telescope – virtual image

1. What does refract mean?

Light rays are absorbed as they pass into a different mediumLight rays bounce back as they pass into a different mediumLight rays change direction as they pass into a different medium

2. Which way do light rays bend through a convex lens?Together at a converging pointAway from each other - they divergeThey do not pass through, they bounce back

3. Who developed the heliocentric model of the universe?GalileoCopernicusRitter

4. If an object was 2 focal lengths in front of a lens, how would the image appear?

The image would be invertedThe image would be biggerThe image would appear further away than 2 focal lengths

5. What type of lenses are used in telescopes?ConvergingDivergingLenses aren't used

Waves

1. Which of the following are longitudinal waves?Microwaves

LightSound

2. What is the frequency of a wave?The height of the wave

The distance from a point on a wave to the same point on the next waveThe number of waves passing a point every second

3. If a wave had a wavelength of 5m and a frequency of 100Hz, what is its wave speed?500 metres per second

20 metres per second0.5 metres per second

4. What does the angle of incidence equal in a reflection from a plane mirror?90 degrees

Any angleThe angle of reflection

Wave equationA loudspeaker reproduces a note of frequency 320Hz. It travels through the air with a speed of 340ms-1.a) What is the wavelength in air?l = v/fl = 340ms-1 / 320Hzl = 1.06m

b) The sound passes through water where its wavelength is 4.5m.Calculate the speed of sound in waterV = flV = 320Hz x 4.5m (frequency doesn't change)V = 1,440ms-1

4. This question is about transverse waves.Adam throws a stone into a lake.He watches the waves move towards the edge.

The distance between each wave is 10 cm.Adam counts two complete waves reaching the edge in each second.(a) Calculate the speed of the wave.You must show how you work out your answer, including and equation used.wave speed = .......... unit = .......... [4](b) The waves travelling towards the edge of the lake are reflected.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic dangers

1. Which of the following has the longest wavelength?Red light

Yellow lightViolet light

2. Who discovered infrared light?Herschel

GalileoRitter

3. Which of the following has the highest frequency?Radio waves

MicrowavesGamma rays

4. Which type of UV radiation causes most damage to skin cells?UV A

UV BUV C

5. Which of the following is a use of microwaves?Thermal imaging

CommunicationsSecurity marking

6. What is ionising radiation?Radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms

Radiation that is always dangerousRadiation that can only be stopped using lead sheets

7. Which type of radiation is the least penetrating?Alpha

BetaGamma

8. Which type of radiation travels the furthest from its source in air?Alpha

BetaGamma

Dangers

• Radio• Microwave• Infrared• Visible• Ultraviolet• X-ray• gamma

• None• Heating effect on water molecules• Heating effect on all molecules - burns

• Skin cancer and eye cataracts• Cancer • Cancer and burning – dna damage

Electromagnetic radiation uses

• Radio• Micro• Infrared• Visible• Uv• X-ray• gamma

• Communication – radio and tv• Communication – mobiles and satellites• Remote controls – thermal imaging• Communication – optical fibres• Security marking• Medicine – security at airports• Medicine – cancer treatment – sterilising

Ionising radiation

The universe

Spectrometers

Exploring the universe

Infrared

Top picture UV - bottom visible light – same image

X-ray

Gamma ray

Alien life? The Viking Lander on Mars

The 2 voyager probes

The voyager message to aliens

SETI – Search for extraterrestrial inteligence

SETI listens to space

1. Which statement about the solar system is correct?The planets orbit the sun.

The sun orbits the planets.Satellites orbit the asteroids.

2. What is a planet's year?365.25 days

The time taken for the planet to turn once on its axisThe time taken to travel once around the sun

3. What was the SETI project designed to do?To see if humans could see on the moon

Send a mission to MarsSearch for life on other planets

4. About how many galaxies are there in the universe?A million

A hundred millionA billion

5. What does SETI stand for?Send Earth Tourists Instead

Search for Extra-Terrestrial IntelligenceSearch for Extra-Terrestrial Intellect

6. What is a spectrometer?Apparatus that can separate light into a spectrum

An early type of computerDevice that measure the intensity of light

7. What is the name of our galaxy?Andromeda

Milky WayWhirlpool

8. Which is the correct order for the first four planets?Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Mars, Venus, Earth and MercuryVenus, Mars, Mercury and Earth

9. What keeps planets in their orbits?Gravitational pull from each of the planets

Gravitational pull from the sunRadiation from the sun

10. Which of the following is not a dwarf planet?Neptune

PlutoCeres

Life cycles of stars

1. What is a nebula?A protostar

The remains of a star once it has completed its lifecycleDifference between characteristics in different organisms

2. What happened to the density of a nebula when a star forms?Increases

DecreasesStays the same

3. In the formation of a star what do hydrogen nuclei fuse to form?Carbon

HeliumNeon

4. What is the average lifespan for stars similar to our sun?1 billion years

10 billion years100 billion years

H Paper

5. What does a massive star form when it has fused its available hydrogen and helium?Red supergiant

Red giantGreen giant

6. What is formed when a massive star begins to collapse and then explode?Neutron star

Black holeSupernova

7. When is a neutron star formed?The remains of a massive star have a low density

The remains of a massive star have no densityThe remains of a massive star have a high density

8. When is a black hole formed?The remains of a massive star have a low density

The remains of a massive star have no densityThe remains of a massive star have a high density

9. Why can't light escape from a black hole?The gravitational pull is too weak

The gravitational pull is too strongThere is no light in a black hole

10. About how long ago do scientists believe the universe began?137 million years

1,370 million years13,700 million years

H paper

Stars evolve in different ways depending on their mass. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star many times bigger and more massive than our Sun. It has already used up most of the hydrogen 'fuel' in its core. Betelgeuse is on the way to the 'stellar graveyard'.

(i) Describe how stars like our Sun were initially formed. [2](ii) What reaction, occurring in the core of Betelgeuse, is now coming towards an end? [1](iii) Suggest three further stages Betelgeuse will go through. (d) Most scientists believe that the Universe is expanding.What evidence supports this view? Use your ideas about red shift and the motion of galaxies in your answer. [3+1]

Theories of the universe

Big Bang theory

Evidence for the big bang – red shift

Evidence for the Big Bang – the CMB

• This radiation fills the entire Universe and is no stronger or weaker in any direction. This radiation is believed to be a clue to the Universe's brilliant beginning, known as the Big Bang.

• .

1. What is a galaxy?A kind of chocolate bar

A collection of stars held together by the force of gravityEverything that exists in space

2. What is a planet's year?365.25 days

The time taken for the planet to turn once on its axisThe time taken to travel once around the sun

3. Which theory of the universe is Cosmic Microwave Background radiation used to explain?Steady State

Big BangIntelligent design

4. What type of star is more likely to form a black hole?Lightweight stars

Medium weight starsHeavyweight stars

5. Approximately how long has our sun been shining for?1 billion years

5 billion years10 billion years

6. What type of star is our sun?Yellow dwarf

Red giantWhite dwarf

Infrasound and ultrasound

1. What sort of frequency will a high pitched sound have?High

LowWide

2. Which of the following is not a use of ultrasound:Imaging of unborn children

Quality control checks in industrySecurity scanning of bank notes

3. What is the frequency of infrasound?Below 20Hz

Between 20-20 000 HzAbove 20 000 Hz

4. What type of waves are sound waves?Sound isn't actually a wave

LongitudinalTransverse

Uses of ultrasound

• Breaks up kidney • stones

Seismic waves

1. What is the Earth's outer core made of?Solid nickel and iron

Liquid nickel and ironA thin layer of rock

2. How do tectonic plates move?Gravity

From the movement of convection current is the mantleBlown by the wind

3. Which of the following is the correct properties of an S wave?Longitudinal, fast moving and can travel through solids and liquids

Longitudinal, slow moving and can travel through solids onlyTransverse, slow moving and can travel through solids only

4. What is the process called that is used to locate the epicentre of an earthquake?Triangulation

PinpointingSeismometer

1. What causes seismic waves?The gravitational pull of the moon

Movements inside the earths crustSeismometers

2. What is the epicentre?Point on the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake

The movement in the earth's crust that starts an earthquakeThe first human habitation that an earthquake hits

3. Which wave would reach a seismometer first?Both would arrive at the same time

SP

4. Which type of wave is longitudinal?P

SBoth waves are longitudinal

H Paper

5. What happens to waves as they reach the boundaries of rock types?They are refracted only

They are reflected onlyThey are both reflected and refracted

6. Which of the following statements about the Earth's structure is correct?The crust is liquid.

The outer core is liquid.The outer core is solid.

7. Starting at the centre of the Earth, the correct order for its layers is:crust --> mantle --> core

core --> crust --> mantlecore --> mantle --> crust

8. Which of the following statements about the Earth's structure is correct?The crust is liquid.

The outer core is liquid.The outer core is solid.

9. Which of the following statements about seismic waves is correct?P waves cannot pass through the outer core.

S waves cannot pass through the outer core.P waves and S waves can pass through the outer core.

H Paper

EarthquakesThe power of an earthquake is measured using a seismometer. A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by an earthquake. It plots these vibrations on a seismograph.

Locating earthquakes

Renewable resources for electricity

Non-renewable energy resources

Generating Electricity

Transmitting electricity

Transformers

. The diagram shows a simple step-up transformer.

(a) For safety, a low voltage is needed for a child's train set.How can this transformer be changed so that a mains voltage can be reduced to a low output voltage? [2+1](b) Alternating current must be used for a transformer to work.(i) What is alternating current? [1](ii) Why must an alternating current be used? [1]

Elelctrical power

• Watts (power) = energy used (J)• time (s)

You should now be able to work out how much it costs to run an electrical appliance as long as you know its power rating, the time you use it for, and the cost of electricity. Energy = power × time can be used as long as power is in kW and time in hours.

The formula becomes:Units used (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)

e.g. A 2·5 kW kettle is used for 2 hours a week. Units cost £0·08 each. Units used = 2·5 kW × 2 h = 5 kWh Total cost = units used × cost = 5 kWh × £0·08 = £0·40.

Power = current x voltage

Reducing energy use

Annual savings Installed costs Pay back CO2 saving

Roof insulation Around £205 Around £250 Around 1 yr 1 tonne

Cavity wall insulation Around £160 Around £250 Around 2 yrs 800 kg

Solid wall insulation - internal Around £75-100 Around £650 Around 6 yrs 2.3 tonnes

Solid wall insulation - external Around £500 Around £3500-6000 Around 11-15 yrs 2.5 tonnes

Hot water jacket Around £40 Around £20 Around 5 months 200 kg

Energy transfers

Energy Efficiency

Heat loss from objects of different colours

Earths Temperature