history of psychiatric nursing
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History of Psychiatric Nursing
arly history
nsanity is associated with sin and demonic possession
eople believe that any sickness indicated displeasure of the gods and in fact was punishment for sins and wrongdoing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession -
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reatment of mentally ill was sometimes inhumane and brutal
f insanity is viewed as divine, the individual will be worshiped and adored
f insanity is viewed as demonic, the individual will be ostracized, punished and sometimes burned at the stake
Rituals, herbs, ointments and precious stones used to try to extract demonsMental illness is thought to be incurable
Early Treatments for Mental IllnessARISTOTLE (382-322 BC)
Attempted to relate mental disorders and developed his theory that the amounts of blood, water and yellow and black bile in the bodyontrolled the emotions.hese 4 substances or humors corresponded with:
Happiness, calmness, anger, sadness
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mbalances of the 4 were believed to cause mental disordersreatment was aimed at restoring balance through:lood letting, starving, purging (up to 19th century)
Trepanning (Trephining)
n ancient times trepanning was performed on live patients suffering from fractured skulls, convulsions, and insanity. Disks of bone from kulls of cadavers were often carved and used as religious amulets in ancient Egypt.
EARLY CHRISTIAN TIMES (1-1000 AD)
All diseases were again blamed to demons
Mentally were viewed as possessed
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Priests performed exorcisms to rid of evil spirits
When that failed, they used more severe and brutal measures, such as incarceration in dungeons, flogging and starving
The Middle Ages
No actual treatment
Mentally ill were homeless, begged for food on the streets, or imprisoned
Charity of religious groups provided food, shelter, and ran almshouses
People with mental illness were distinguished from criminals in England
Harmless- allowed to wander the countryside or live in rural communities
Dangerous lunatics- thrown into prison, chained and starved
Hospital ofSt. Mary of Bethlehem built in London, England during the 14 th century.
In 1547, the Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem was officially declared a hospital for insane
The Fifteenth through the Seventeenth Centuries
kepticism was rampant
Conditions of asylums were deplorable
Insane were treated like animals
Thought not to have feelings
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Were believed to lack understanding
Men and women not given separate quarters
Violent inmates were placed with those convalescing or tranquil
Poorly clothed and fed
The Eighteenth Century
In 1775, visitors at the institution were charge a fee for the privilege of viewing and ridiculing inmates who were seen as animals, than human
During the same period in the colonies (later US), the mentally ill were considered evil or possessed and were punished
Witch hunts were conducted and offenders were burned at the stake
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COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH
Adolf Meyer(1900)
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Clifford Whittingham Beers (1908)
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(1949)
1961)
1908)
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