history of microscope
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The History of the Microscope
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• Circa 1000AD – The first vision aid
was invented• (inventor unknown- possibly a monk)
called a reading stone !t was a
glass sphere that magnified whenlaid on top of reading materials
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Circa 1284 - !talian" #alvino $%&rmate
is credited with inventing the first
wearable eyeglasses
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• 1590 – Two $utch eyeglass makers" 'accharias
anssen and son Hansanssen
• eperimented with multiple
lenses placed in a tubeThe anssens observedthat viewed ob*ects in frontof the tube appeared
greatly enlarged" creatingboth the forerunner of thecompound microscopeand the telescope
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• 1665 – +nglish
physicist",obert Hooke looked at asliver of corkthrough amicroscopelens andnoticed somepores or
cells in it
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• 1674 – &nton van .eeuwenhoek
built a simple microscope withonly one lens to eamine blood"
yeast" insects and many other
tiny ob*ects
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• 1830 – oseph ackson .ister reduces
spherical aberration or the chromatic
effect by showing that several weaklenses used together at certain distances
gave good magnification without blurring
the image This was the prototype for thecompound microscope
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• 1903 – ,ichard
'sigmondy
developed the
ultramicroscope
that could studyob*ects below the
wavelength of light
He won the /obel0ri1e in 2hemistry
in 3456
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• 1932 – 7rits 'ernike
invented the phase-
contrast microscope thatallowed for the study of
colorless and transparent
biological materials forwhich he won the /obel
0ri1e in 0hysics in 3468
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• 1931 – +rnst ,uska co-invented the
electron microscope for which he
won the /obel 0ri1e in 0hysics in349: &n electron microscope
depends on electrons rather than
light to view an ob*ect" electrons are
speeded up in a vacuum until theirwavelength is etremely short" only
one hundred-thousandth that of white
light +lectron microscopes make it
possible to view ob*ects as small asthe diameter of an atom
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• 1981 – ;erd <innig and Heinrich,ohrer invented the scanningtunneling microscope that gives
three-dimensional images ofob*ects down to the atomic level <innig and ,ohrer won the /obel0ri1e in 0hysics in 349: The
powerful scanning tunnelingmicroscope is the strongestmicroscope to date
#TM image"
= nm = nm"of a single 1ig-
1ag chain of
2s atoms
(red) on the
;a&s(33>)
surface (blue)
#TM image" 86 nm
86 nm" of single
substitutional 2r
impurities (small
bumps) in the
7e(>>3) surface
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• Power of the Electron Microscope
!f pushed to the limit" electronmicroscopes can make it possible toview ob*ects as small as the diameter
of an atom Most electron microscopesused to study biological material cansee down to about 3> angstroms--anincredible feat" for although this does
not make atoms visible" it does allowresearchers to distinguish individualmolecules of biological importance !neffect" it can magnify ob*ects up to 3million times /evertheless" all electron
microscopes suffer from a seriousdrawback #ince no living specimencan survive under their high vacuum"they cannot show the ever-changingmovements that characteri1e a living
cell
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• !contrast scannin"
trans#ission
electron #icroscope
i#a"e $left% of io&ine
ato#s in a car'on
nanot('e $)is(ali*e&
a'o)e%+
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!mage of
#i
&toms of n-type Mo#5" a common
dry lubricant The bright spots
indicate # atoms" which accountfor its ecellent lubrication
properties
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• The letters ?!<M@ spelled in enon atoms" asimaged by the atomic force microscope 2ourtesyA
!<M
!n 3494" !<M scientist $on +igler was surprised to learn that in
addition to using an #TM to look at tiny things he could also use it
like a pair of twee1ers" to move things as small as a single atom
That year" he used an #TM to move individual atoms of the gas
enon that had been cooled to etremely low temperatures so that
they sat still" to spell out ?!<M@ on a nickel surface He then used
the microscope to capture an image of the microscopic logo" and
announced his results to the world
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HereBs an eample of a Cuestion you
might be asked on this materialA
• Dhich of the following is an
instrument that a scientist might use
to ?see@ an image of a moleculeE
& a telescope
< binoculars
2 electron microscope
$ anemometer
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• Try
again
#orry" a telescope is used to look at
ob*ects that are very far away suchas stars and other planets
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• Try again
#orry" binoculars are used to
make things that you can seewith your eyes appear closer
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• Try again
#orry" an anemometer is used to
measure wind speed
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2ongratulationsFFFGou got itFF
• GesFF &n electron
microscope can give
us images that show
us what moleculesand even some atoms
look like
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