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History of Immigration to Texas
• For most of its history, Texas has attracted settlers from the rest of the nation rather than abroad – Mexican immigrants did not begin to settle
permanently until late 1970s and 1980s • Texas’ immigrant share of the population didn’t
surpass that of nation until late 1980s – Immigration in 1980s was dominated by low-skilled
workers • Oil bust provided impetus for the diversification
of Texas’ economy – 1990s Texas attracted high-skilled immigrants
Large-Scale Immigration to Texas Is a Recent Phenomenon
Foreign-Born Population Share by Decade
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Texas
U.S.
Percent
SOURCES: “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850–2000,” by Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, Population Division Working Paper no. 81, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006; 2010 American Community Survey.
Job growth by wage quartile and decade
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Lowest Wage Quartile Lower-Middle WageQuartile
Upper-Middle WageQuartile
Highest Wage Quartile
1979-1989 1989-1999 1999-2011
Percent
NOTE: Calculations include workers over age 15 with positive wages. Quartiles based on U.S. wage distribution in the 1980 decennial census, which refers to 1979 wages. Growth in 1999-2011 is multiplied by 10/12 for comparability. SOURCE: 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census, 2012 American Community Survey.
Texas Metros Become Global Destinations Foreign-Born Population Share
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1970 1980 1990 2000 2011
Houston
El Paso
Dallas-Ft. Worth Austin
San Antonio
Percent
SOURCES: 1970-2000 census; 2011 American Community Survey.
A Portrait of Texas Immigrants Today
Characteristics of Texas Immigrants • Majority is from Mexico, followed by Asia and the rest of
Latin America – Came to the U.S. more recently than in the rest of the nation – Likely to live in urban areas, especially Austin, DFW, and
Houston • Much more likely than U.S. natives to be in their prime
working years • Concentrated at the top and especially at the bottom of the
education distribution – Texas immigrants lag the nation’s in schooling
• Higher employment rates than immigrants in the rest of the nation – In some cases, they even out earn immigrations in the rest of
the U.S. – Work disproportionately in “STEM” occupations as well as labor-
intensive occupations such as construction and farm work
Where Are They From? Origins of Texas and U.S. Immigrants
60
11
1
3
19
6
Mexico Central and South America Caribbean Africa Asia Europe, Canada, Oceania
26
15
10 4
29
16
Rest of U.S. Texas
SOURCE: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
Texas Immigrants Are Concentrated in Urban Areas and Along Border
Foreign-Born Population Share, by County
SOURCE: 2007-11 American Community Survey five-year estimates.
Dallas/Fort Worth
Houston
San Antonio
El Paso
Austin
Immigrants Tend to Be of Working Age Age Profile of Immigrants vs. Natives in Texas
Under 45 to 9
10 to 1415 to 1920 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 4445 to 4950 to 5455 to 5960 to 6465 to 6970 to 7475 to 79Over 80
U.S. NativesImmigrants
Age
Percent 15 15 10 10 5 5 0
SOURCE: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
Educational Attainment of Immigrants and Natives Inside and Outside Texas
45
19 15
12
8
30
23 19
16
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Texas Rest of U.S.
Percent
SOURCE: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates. Calculations include individuals over age 24.
12
27
33
19
9 11
30 31
18
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Percent
Natives
Less than high school
High school credential
Some college
Bachelor's degree
Graduate/ professional degree
Immigrants
Less than high school
High school credential
Some college
Bachelor's degree
Graduate/ professional degree
Texas Immigrants Do Well in the Labor Market Labor Force Participation Rate
Texas Rest of U.S.
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Less than high school credential
64.8 43.2 59.2 35.6
High School credential 67.2 64.1 65.9 58.0
Some college 75.4 69.8 71.0 68.5
Bachelor’s degree 72.5 77.4 72.5 76.1
Graduate/professional degree
84.3 77.1 78.8 75.7
NOTE: Calculated for the population over age 24. SOURCE: 2012 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotations Group data.
Texas Immigrants Do Well in the Labor Market Unemployment Rate
Texas Rest of U.S.
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Less than high school credential
6.8 12.3 9.8 15.2
High School credential 6.9 6.0 7.7 8.2
Some college 4.5 5.5 8.0 7.0
Bachelor’s degree 5.6 3.0 6.3 4.2
Graduate/professional degree
2.1 1.9 4.1 3.0
NOTE: Calculated for the population over age 24. SOURCE: 2012 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotations Group data.
Low- and High-Skilled Immigrants Earn as Much or More in Texas
Median Weekly Earnings Texas Rest of U.S.
Immigrants U.S. natives Immigrants U.S. natives
Less than high school credential
$401 $423 $399 $439
High school credential $460 $600 $499 $599
Some college $514 $685 $601 $682
Bachelor’s degree $857 $997 $942 $997
Graduate/professional degree
$1,435 $1,180 $1,342 $1,265
All groups $496 $757 $597 $767
All groups (including ages 16-24)
$481 $677 $567 $678
NOTE: Median weekly earnings are deflated using the monthly CPI-W (December 2012=100) and are conditional on being employed, over age 24, with positive earnings. SOURCE: 2012 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotations Group data.
Low-Skilled Immigrants Concentrated in Services, Construction and Ag Jobs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Pest control occupations
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants
Timber, logging, and forestry workers
Miners
Motor vehicle operators
Waiters and waitresses
Mechanics
Child care workers
Kitchen workers
Janitors
Cooks, variously defined
Farm workers
Hairdressers and cosmetologists
Misc food prep workers
Housekeepers, maids, butlers
Construction laborers
Gardeners and groundskeepers
Percent Note: Percentage of foreign-born Texas workers over age 24 with less than high school education for selected occupations. Source: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
Foreign born as a percentage of Texas labor force with less than high school education
High-Skilled Immigrants Fill STEM Jobs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
VeterinariansLawyers/Judges
Biological techniciansFinancial managers
Chief executives and public administratorsActors, directors, producers
Sales RelatedManagers and administrators
ArchitectsAccountants and auditors
Economists, market and survey researchersDentists
ChemistsBiological scientistsRegistered nurses
High school and college instructorsChemical engineers
PharmacistsMechanical engineers
Comp. analysts and scientistsMathematicians
PhysiciansComputer software developers
Medical scientists
Percent Note: Percentage of foreign-born Texas workers over age 24 with college education or higher for selected occupations. Source: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
Foreign born as a percentage of Texas labor force with college education or higher
Illegal Immigration to Texas
Illegal Immigrants in Texas • ‘Americans’ were the first illegal immigrants to Texas
– In the early 20th century: Chinese and Europeans – Mexicans were exempt from the quotas and tests, in high
demand • The Bracero Program was created in 1942 to allow
Mexican workers to take temporary agricultural jobs – Texas was originally excluded, leading to illegal immigration – No law against hiring unauthorized workers
• Today, 1.8 million unauthorized immigrants live in Texas – 43 percent of the foreign-born population
• Public and political attitudes towards unauthorized immigrants are more moderate in Texas than in other states
Economic Effects of Immigration
Economic Effects
• Immigration increases the labor force, especially as U.S. native population ages more rapidly
• Native population benefits through lower prices of immigrant-produced goods and services, higher returns on capital and land
• Increased specialization leads to higher productivity
• Texas immigrants’ success does not appear to have come at natives’ expense – Migration endogenous to growth, relieved bottlenecks
and accompanied by capital inflows
Challenges Posed by Immigration
Challenges Posed by Immigration • Immigrants more likely than natives to be poor, and the
gap is larger in Texas – However, poverty measures do not take into account
Texas’ lower costs of living • Fewer immigrants in Texas report speaking English well
than in the rest of the nation • Some fiscal costs for state and local government, such
as public education – Texas’ tax system reduces these costs, since all workers pay
taxes on retail sales and on property • Immigrants in Texas have slightly higher participation in
TANF, SNAP, SSI and Medicaid – Much less likely to have health coverage
Immigrant Poverty Rates Higher in Texas Poverty Rates by Nativity
0
5
10
15
20
25
Immigrant-Headed Households U.S. Native-Headed Households
Texas Rest of U.S.
Percent
SOURCE: Current Population Surveys for March 2010-12.
Immigrant Welfare Participation Slightly Higher in Texas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Immigrant-Headed Households U.S. Native-Headed Households
Texas Rest of U.S.
Percent
SOURCE: Current Population Surveys for March 2010-12.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Immigrants U.S. Natives Immigrants U.S. Natives
Texas Rest of U.S.
Any Public Private
Percent
SOURCE: Current Population Surveys for March 2010-12.
Immigrant’s Health Insurance Coverage Much Lower in Texas
Domestic Migration
Migration from Other States • Texas has been the top destination for domestic
migrants since 2006. – Increased dramatically in the wake of Hurricane Katrina,
began to outnumber international migration • Skewed to high-skilled labor
– Migrants from other states are more likely than the Texas population to have a bachelor’s, graduate, or professional degree
• Almost a quarter of domestic migrants come from California – Texas has lost residents on net to only 10 states since 2005,
mainly other “energy” states
Texas Is Top Destination for Domestic Migrants Since 2006
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
Domestic International
Net migration to Texas (thousands)
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau. NOTES: Census Bureau population estimates approximate the population on July 1 of the year indicated and thus capture changes from the previous year. Data are not available for decennial census years.
Hurricane Katrina
New Arrivals a Key Source of Skilled Workers Educational Attainment of New Arrivals
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Less Than HighSchool Graduate
High SchoolGraduate
Some College Bachelor's Degree Graduate orProfessional Degree
Domestic Migrants International Migrants Texas Population
Percent
NOTE: Calculations include individuals over age 24. SOURCE: 2010-2012 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
California is Top Sending State for Migration to Texas
California 23%
Florida 9%
New York 7%
Illinois 6%
Michigan 4%
Alaska 4%
Arizona 4%
New Jersey 4%
North Carolina 3%
Tennessee 3%
Other 33%
SOURCE: 2006-12 American Community Survey.
What Texas Has Learned
Lessons from Decades of Immigration
• Texas economy has inherent strengths, such as natural resources, that set it apart – Booms and busts of energy sector necessitate
diversification • People relocate to Texas due to abundant job
opportunities, low cost of living, and relatively low tax burden
• Low-skilled workers come to Texas despite skimpy safety net and lower levels of public services
• Rapid economic growth generates labor inflow, and policy that does not take into account both supply and demand factors may become irrelevant
Texas Immigrants Do Well in the Labor Market Employment-to-population rate
Texas Rest of U.S.
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Immigrants (percent)
U.S. natives (percent)
Less than high school credential
60.4 37.9 53.4 30.1
High School credential 62.6 60.3 60.8 53.2
Some college 71.9 66.0 65.3 63.7
Bachelor’s degree 68.4 75.0 68.0 72.9
Graduate/professional degree
82.6 75.7 75.6 73.4
NOTE: Calculated for the population over age 24. SOURCE: 2012 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotations Group data.
Immigration to Texas Got a Late Start Arrival Dates of Immigrants
10
11
19
27
34
6
11
18
29
36
Before 1970
1970's
1980's
1990's
Since 2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TXRest of U.S.
SOURCE: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
Immigrant’s English Proficiency Lower in Texas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Does Not Speak English Speaks English, NotWell
Speaks English Well Speaks English VeryWell
Speaks Only English
Texas Rest of U.S.
Percent
SOURCE: 2009-11 American Community Survey three-year estimates.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lowest Wage Quartile Lower-Middle WageQuartile
Upper-Middle WageQuartile
Highest Wage Quartile
Job Growth by Decade in Texas
1979-1989 1989-1999 1999-2011
Percent
NOTE: Calculations include workers over age 15 with positive wages. Quartiles based on Texas wage distribution in the 1980 decennial census, which refers to 1979 wages. SOURCE: 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census, 2012 American Community Survey.
Title (TX QUARTILES)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Lowest Wage Quartile Lower-Middle WageQuartile
Upper-Middle WageQuartile
Highest Wage Quartile
Change in Employment 1979-2011
Texas U.S. Minus Texas
Percent
NOTE: Calculations include workers over age 15 with positive wages. Quartiles based on U.S. wage distribution in the1980 decennial census, which refers to 1979 wages. SOURCE: 1980 Census, 2012 American Community Survey.
Title
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