history of hypnotherapy
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HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
3000BC – ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Indian Sanskrits
Hindu fakirs
Celtic druids
African witch doctors
Jesus’s miracles?
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1500 Paracelsus
Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure for syphilis
Passed magnets over patient to effect cure
1600 Valentine Greatrakes
The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again stroked magnets to cure
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1725 Maximilian Hehl
Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal
Mesmer was his student
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
(1734-1815 )Franz Anton Mesmer Father of hypnosis
Found could stop bleeding with a stick and therefore postulated ‘ animal magnetism’
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
Franz Anton Mesmer(contd)
‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields pervade nature
Cured patient of paralysis and temporary blindness
Cured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of empress of blindness. Angering parents
Moved from Vienna to Paris
Mozart was a fan
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
Franz Anton Mesmer(cont)
Developed the ‘baquet’
Asked Louis XVI for a board
of enquiry in 1784
Benjamin Franklin,
Guillotine, Lavoisier
Found all due to the
imagination !
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1727-1779 Father Gassner
Contempory of Mesmer
Suggestion as faith healing
1787 Marquis de Puysegur
Student of Mesmer
Magnetised elm trees
Somnambulism
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria Fixed gaze method first to coin word
‘sleep’
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1791 John Elliotson Professor at University
London Became interested via a
student of Faria 1837 Surgery under
hypnosis – angered other doctors as pain ‘ needed for healing’
Expelled from university hospital
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1795 – 1860 James Braid Scottish surgeon coined
term ‘ hypnosis’ Developed suggestions
method Saw Mesmer and was
eventually convinced Changed term to ‘
monoidiesm’ ‘Nervous sleep’ acting
on subject whose suggestibility is increased’
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1808-1859 James Esdaile
Scottish doctor
Reports in 1846 300
major operations
Reduced post op mortality
from 505%
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis
Liebeault – ‘ de la suggestion’
Bernheim
Freud studied here
Initially enthusiastic – eventually discounted
hypnosis
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
1878 Charcot – school of Saltpierre
Pathological theory
Stages of hypnosis
Lethargy
Catalepsy
Somnambulism
HISTORY OF HYPNOTHERAPY
Dave Elman 1950’s Stage Hypnotist
Studied Hypnosis for years
Taught doctors exclusively Quick inductions
Deepening techniques
THEORIES OF TRANCE
Suggestion Theory Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious mind
Modified Sleep Abbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought would
always amnesia
Pathological Theory Charcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT equivalent to
hysteria
THEORIES OF TRANCE
Dissociation Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT not
always amnesia – can remove amnesia by suggestion
Neo Dissociation Some cognition continuous throughout
Psychoanlanalytic Freud – libidinal gratification Ferenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors metronomes may
hypnotise
THEORIES OF TRANCE
Conditioned response Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep,
metronomes, quick awakening
Role Playing R White – goal directed striving
Atavistic Regression Ainslie Meares to a primitive level – primitive
man accepted ideas by suggestion
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