history of cognitive neuroscience
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History of Cognitive Neuroscience
Neolithic Neurology
(i.e. trephination)Estimated 65% survival rate from Stanley Finger, neurologist
One archeological site in France with 120 skulls had 40 with holes
Fundamental Circularity of Being
“The world is inseparable from the subject, but from a subject which is nothing but a projection of the world,and the subject is inseparable from the world, but froma world which the subject itself projects.”
Merleau-Ponty (1906-1961)
Goal of Cognitive Neuroscience is to provide andexplain the correspondence between
brain and mind
structure and function
Does brain=mind or some other relationship?
Ancient views of the mind
Cerebrocentric Cardiocentric Plato, Hippocrates Aristotle
Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564)
De Humani CorporisFabrica (The Fabric ofThe Human Body) – 1543
Studied anatomy solelyfor structure
Some error in brain convolutions
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
De Homine – 1662
Mechanistic view of brain
Pineal gland – gateway to soul
Luigi Galvani
(1737-1798)
Professor of Obstetrics
Moves frog leg with static electricity
Detects electricity in the nerves offrogs
Phrenology
Cerebral Localization: GallFranz Gall (1781) pioneer• noted aphasia-frontal lesion link
• Phrenology: Analysis of the shapes and lumps of the skull would reveal a person’s personality and intellect.
• Identified 27 basic faculties like imitation, spirituality
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
Cerebral Holism (Diffuse representation)
• Pierre Flourens (1824) set up lab to attack
Gall’s mind-brain equivalence.
• He demonstrated that main divisions of brain were responsible for largely different functions.
• By removing cerebrum, all perceptions, motor function, and judgment were abolished.
• Removal of cerebellum affected equilibrium and motor coordination.
• Destruction of brain stem caused death.
• Extensive cortical lesions in birds and rabbits showed little behavioral change, which led him to believe that these functions are represented diffusely around the brain.
Swing back to Localization
• Bouillaud (1825): large series of speech loss with frontal lesions
• Marc Dax (1836): LH damage, right hemiplegia, & aphasia linked
• Paul Broca (1861) convincing evidence of speech laterality; Tan
Paul Broca(1824-1880)
Anthropologist and anatomist
Paris educated MD pathologist
“Tan” aphasic patient died inApril 1861
“Nous parlons avez l’hemispheregauche”
Swing back to Localization
Carl Wernicke (1874): temporal lesion disturbs comprehension. Developed connectionism model of language and predicated conduction aphasia
Back to Holism
John Hughlings Jackson
CNS ~hierarchies,
highly interactive
Korbinian Brodmann(1868-1918)
Established the basis for comparativecytoarchitectonics of the mammaliancortex.
Back to Localization
Brodmann (1905) 52 cytoarchitectonic brain areas
Experimental Neurology: Patient H.M. and callosotomy
Camillo Golgi(1843-1926)
Golgi’s silver chromate stain shows dendrites, soma, and axons
Santiago Ramon y Cajal(1852-1934)
Father of Modern Neuroscience
Birth of Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology strengths: cognitive
components (versus abilities like speech)
Neuroimaging strengths: normal brains,
spatial resolution
Neurology strengths:mechanisms,
causation
Modern Phrenology
History of CognitiveNeuroscience
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