histopathological changes in the intestine of domestic
Post on 30-Apr-2022
1 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Histopathological Changes in the Intestine of Domestic
Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) Naturally Infected with
the Cestode Cotugnia sp. in Basrah, Southern Iraq
Dawood S. Mahdi1*, Baydaa F. Swadi1 & Mahdi M. Thuwaini2
1 College of Health & Medical Technology, Southern Technical
University, Basrah, Iraq 2 College of Nursing, Thi-Qar University, Nasiriya, Iraq
*Corresponding author: dr.dawds@stu.edu.iq
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to investigate the
histopathological changes in the intestine of the domestic chickens Gallus
gallus domesticus that infected with the cestode Cotugnia sp. A report on
identification of this parasite from a chicken is placed on record. Twenty-
five fowls obtained from a local market in Basrah city were examined, to
find out the histopathological effects of Cotugnia sp. The present study
focuses on the histopathological changes in the intestine, which was
naturally infected with the cestoda Cotugnia sp. The histopathological
changes showed degeneration and sloughing of the epithelial lining of
intestine mucosa, destruction, degeneration and atrophy of villi.
Moreover, there were desquamations of epithelium, destructions of
secretary glands, infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion of blood
vessels, hypertrophy of intestine glands and occurrence of bundles of
fibrosis in longitudinal section of damaged villi. The present study
indicated a state of grave problems facing the chickens.
Keywords: Cotugnia sp., Histopathology, Intestine, Chickens, Basrah.
Introduction
Chickens play an important role in the purveyance of animal protein. Both
poultry meat and eggs are affordable sources and are directly associated with
the rural economic situation of Iraq (Allouse, 1961). Endoparasites affect the
intestine and cause nodules and severe enteritis, thus impairing the absorbing
power of intestine for nutrients and vitamins from the host (Hayat & Hayat,
1983). Borghare et al. (2009) indicated that this infection leads to loss in body
weight, delay growth, reduced egg production, weakened body resistance and
even death.
The genus Cotugnia was erected by Diamare in 1893, with its type species
Cotugnia digonopora from Gallus gallus dometicus (Shukla & Bhavare,
Vol. 2 (1): 12-21, 2018
Received Aug. 10, 2017, accepted Nov. 6, 2017
13 Mahdi et al.
2012). So far, 14 species of Cotugnia were added to this genus (Global
Cestode Database, 2017).
The parasitic infection of chicken causes loss of their economic value.
Domestic chickens facilitate the parasite life cycle with intermediate hosts
such earthworms, beetles, flies, ants, or grasshoppers (Permin & Hansen,
2003). Bhowmik & Sinha (1983) showed that cestodes can cause most of
lesions including nodules formation in intestinal mucosa, inflammation,
congestion and pin point haemorrhages.
The parasitic disease reduces the productivity of rural poultry. Even
though, parasitic diseases are among the major factors determinining the
decrease in productivity of chickens and are often neglected due to rarely
lethal effect (Alemu, 1985; Sonaiya, 1990).
Many researchers referred to over 1400 species of cestodes that have been
described from wild and domestic birds. Many species of parasites may
display necropsy assay of digestive canal or other internal organs of poultry.
Large sized cestodes block the intestine of infected birds and thus affecting
the health of the bird. Knowing species plays a major role in giving direction
to control measures toward removing the intermediate host, by exploring the
life cycle (Shameem et al., 2010).
Helimnthiasis is considered to be an important problem of local chickens
and helminth parasites were incriminated as major causes of health
deterioration and loss of productivity in different parts of Ethiopia (Abebe et
al., 1997; Eshetu et al., 2001). The commonest species of Cotugnia in
domestic fowls, ducks and pigeons are C. digonopora, C. brotogerys and C.
fastigata. These cestodes are of low pathogenic significance but heavy
infections may affect the health of the bird. The life history of known species
of Cotugnia is fully elucidated. Infection is acquired through the ingestion of
infected intermediate hosts such as earthworms, grasshoppers, flies, ants or
beetles (Taylor et al., 2007)
Based on such brief presentation, due to paucity of information regarding
of these parasites and their histopathological effects in chickens of Iraq,
which are naturally infected with Cotugnia sp. in Basrah province, the present
study was carried out to highlight these phenomena.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-five domestic chickens; G. gallus domesticus were randomly collected
from a local market in Basrah city. All chicken were examined immediately
upon reaching the laboratory of parasitology in the College of Health and
Medical Technology, Southern Technical University during the period from
June 2016 to March 2017.
A sample of 25 chickens was randomly selected from a local market in
Basrah city to be examined. The chickens examined did not exhibit any
Histopathological changes in the intestine of domestic chickens 14
symptoms of the dersease (apparently healthy). The small and large intestines
were removed and opened carefully by scissor to diagnose the parasites.
Small pieces of infected small intestines were cut and transferred to 10%
formalin for fixation. Paraffin sections were made by dehydration using
graduate ethanol alcohol (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) and cleared later by
Xylene, then embedded in paraffin to make blocks. Histological paraffin
blocks were cut by microtome into sections of 5 µm, stained with
hematoxylin and eosin and then mounted in DPX (Vacca, 1985). The
prepared slides were examined under 40X objective to identify the
histopathological changes in the target organs.
Results
The results showed that Cotugnia sp. in the intestine of infected chicken
(Figure 1) affects the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Effects were varied
and distributed among the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract: epithelial
layer, lamina propria, external muscle layer and serosa layer. The main
effects of the parasite are:
- Congestion of blood vessel in the lamina propria and external layer of
muscle and appearance of packages of fibrosis in connective tissues of
lamina propria in villus (Figures 2 and 3).
- Hypertrophy of some intestinal glands and expansion of their lumen
(Figure 4).
- Expansion of blood vessels and necrotic tissue in some damaged areas
of villi (Figure 5).
- Appearance of bundles of fibrosis in longitudinal section of damaged
villi (Figure 6) as well as metaplasia of epithelial tissue of villi and
necrosis in some parts of them (Figure 7).
- Other sections showed bundles of fibrosis in villi, metaplasia of lining
epithelial tissue and expansion of blood vessels (Figure 8).
Discussion
Cestodiasis is the most important disease of different species of poultry
(Dranzoa et al., 1999). It dilates the intestine in heavy infection causing
pathological changes like, nodule and severe enteritis. The resultant situation
leads to loss of body weight, retarded growth, reduced egg production,
weakened body resistance and sometime death (Hayat & Hayat, 1983). The
available information on Cotugnia sp. from birds in Iraq and particularly in
Basrah city is scarce (Mustafa, 1984; Al-Emarah & Al-Azizz, 2016).
Hungerford (1969) found that the parasites cause damage to the host like
injuries and metabolic consequences affecting enzymes and hormones of the
host or despoil part of their food and this negative influence does not stop at
this level but extend further.
15 Mahdi et al.
The present study showed that the occurrence of inflammatory cells of
lamina propria of vilii and the infected chicken with Cotugnia sp. affects the
textile layers of the small intestine. The effects were varied and distributed
among the four layers of the intestine.
One of the most common effects of the parasite are the congestion of
blood vessel in the lamina propria and external layer of muscle and
appearance of packages of fibrosis in connective tissue of lamina propria in
villi. The results showed several changes due the infection including:
- Hypertrophy of some intestinal glands and expansion of lumen.
- Expansion of blood vessels, necrotic tissue in some damaged area of
villi.
- Appearance of bundles of fibrosis in longitudinal section of damaged
villi as well as metaplasia of epithelial tissue of villi and few necrosis
areas.
- Appearance of bundles of fibrosis in villi, metaplasia of lining
epithelial tissue.
- Expansion of blood vessel.
- Bundles of fibrosis in lamina propria and detachment of epithelial
tissue of villi.
These results are due to a host immune defense against the parasites as an
antigen. These findings were also observed by Hungerford (1969) and
Mustafa (1984), where intestine has been displayed with reactive change of
gland and mixed inflammatory cells and infiltration lymphocytes with
degenerative cell (necrosis).
The chickens investigated in the present study were of variable size and
have no apparent symptoms of Cotugnia sp. infection, yet the changes
observed seem to be similar to those identified in the study of Mustafa (1984)
in which the pathological effects are based on the size of the parasites and the
cestode in the intestine caused necrosis, destruction of intestinal tissues, villus
atrophy and inflammatory cells aggregation.
Moreover, the results revealed that the histopathological effects, which
were observed in the intestine and the intestinal mucosa empasized the
occurrence of inflammatory lesions and focal hemorrhages caused by the
attachment of the parasites. Adang et al. (2010) reported that in many cases,
the intestinal mucosa also reveals inflammatory lesions and focal
hemorrhages caused by the parasites. On the other hand, the findings obtained
in the present study are in accordance with the histopathology of some
internal organs indicated by Lapage (1956) and Scott (1980) on birds
(including chickens) naturally infected with different species of internal
parasites. In conclusion, the prevalence of different parasites in poultry is
somewhat different from domestic chickens in the same area. Parasite
infection could have some histopathological effects on intestine tissues.
Histopathological changes in the intestine of domestic chickens 16
Moreover, the Cotugnia sp. needs further research to ascertain any
histopathological effects of other tapeworms or nematode infection on the
vital organs to confirm the findings of the present study.
Figure 1a: Scolex of Cotugnia sp. illustrates four cup-shaped suckers, b: Few
segments of the worm (100X) staining with Semichon's acid carmine.
Figure 2: Cross section of chicken intestine shows the congestion of blood vessel
in the lamina propria and external layer of muscle ( ). (400X). H & E
stain.
17 Mahdi et al.
Figure 3: Cross section of chicken intestine shows packages of fibrosis ( ) in
connective tissue of lamina propria in villi. (400X). H & E stain.
Figure 4: Cross section of chicken intestine shows bundles of fibrosis in L.S. of
damaged villi ( ) (400X). H & E stain.
Histopathological changes in the intestine of domestic chickens 18
Figure 5: Cross section in the chicken intestine shows hypertrophy of some
intestinal glands ( ) and expansion of its lumen ( ). (400X) H &
E stain.
Figure 6: Cross section in intestine of chicken shows the expansion of blood
vessels ( ) and necrotic tissue ( ) in some damaged areas of villi.
(400X) H & E stain.
19 Mahdi et al.
Figure 7: Cross section of intestine of chicken shows metaplasia of epithelial
tissue of villi ( ) and necrosis parts of it ( ). (400X) H & E stain.
Figure 8: Cross section of chicken intestine shows expansion of blood vessel
( ), bundles of fibrosis in lamina propria ( ) and detachment of
epithelial tissue of villi ( ). (400X). H & E stain.
Histopathological changes in the intestine of domestic chickens 20
References
Abebe, W.; Asfaw, T.; Genete, B.; Kassa, B. & Dorchies, P.H. (1997).
Comparative studies of external parasites and gastrointestinal helminths
of chickens kept under different management system in and around
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Rev. Med. Vet., 148: 497-500.
Adang, K.L.; Abdu, P.A.; Ajanusi, J.O.; Oniye, S.J. & Ezealor, A.U. (2010).
Histopathology of Ascaridia galli infection on the liver, lungs,
intestines, heart and kidneys of experimentally infected domestic
pigeons (C. l. domestica) in Zaria, Nigeria. Pac. J. Sci. Technol., 11:
511-515.
Al-Emarah, G.Y. & Al-Azizz, S.A. (2016). Histopathological effects of
Cotugnia sp. on intestine of wild pigeons (Columba livia) at Basrah
city. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscipl., 4 (11): 69-79.
Alemu, S. (1985). The status of poultry research and development in
Ethiopia. In: IAR Proceedings (ed.): The status of livestock, pasture and
forage research and development in Ethiopia. Agric. Res. Inst., 62-70.
Allouse, B.E. (1961). Birds of Iraq, Vol. II, Galliformes- Picieformes: Ar-
Rabitta Press, Baghdad: 280 pp. (In Arabic).
Bhowmik, M.K. & Sinha, P.K. (1983). Studies on the pathology of taeniasis
in domestic fowl. Ind. Vet. J., 60: 6-8.
Borghare, A.T.; Bagde, V.P.; Jaulkar, A.D.; Katre, D.D.; Jumde, P.D.;
Maske, D.K. & Bhangale. G.N. (2009). Incidence of gastrointestinal
parasitism of captive wild pigeons at Nagpure. Vet. World, 2 (9): 343.
Dranzoa, C.; Ocaido, M. & Katete, P. (1999). The ecto-, gastrointestinal and
haemo- parasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda.
Avian Pathol., 28: 119-124.
Eshetu, Y.; Mulualem, E.; Ebrahim, H. & Abera, K. (2001). Study of
gastrointestinal helminths of scavenging chicken in four rural districts
of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Office Epizootics), 20
(3): 791-796.
Global Cestode Database (2017). A survey of the tapeworms (Cestoda:
Platyhelminthes) from vertebrate bowels of the earth.
http://tapewormdb.uconn.edu (Accessed 25 October 2017).
Hayat, B. & Hayat, C.S. (1983). Incidence of intestinal parasites of chicken in
Faisalabad district. Pak. Vet. J., 3 (4): 165-167.
Hungerford, T.G. (1969). Diseases of poultry including cage birds and
pigeons. Section 9: Internal parasites of poultry, 4th edition. Angus &
Robertson Ltd., Sydney: 483-499.
Lapage, G. (1956). Veterinary parasitology, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburg and
London: 1182 pp.
Mustafa, F.A.A. (1984). Epidemic study on some cestodes infecting the
alimentary canal of pigeons. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah: 113
21 Mahdi et al.
pp. (In Arabic).
Permin, A. & Hansen, J.W. (2003). Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of
poultry parasites. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 4. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome: VII + 160 pp.
Scott, M.E. (1980). A comparative field and laboratory investigation of
Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) in various duck
and snail hosts. Ph. D. Thesis, Inst. Parasitol., McGill Univ., Montreal:
334 pp.
Shameem, H.; Subramanian, H. & Rejitha, T.S. (2010). Identification of
Cotugnia species from a pigeon: A report. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 41: 75.
Shukla, S.J. & Bhavare, V.V. (2012): A taxonomic study of a new cestode
Cotugnia jadhavii from Ahmednagar district, M.S., India. Trends
Parasitol. Res., 1 (1): 32-35.
Sonaiya, E.B. (1990). The context and prospects for development of
smallholder rural poultry production in Africa. CTA- Seminar
Proceedings on Smallholder Rural Poultry Production, Vol. 2: 108-141.
Thessaloniki, Greece.
Taylor, M.A.; Coop, R.L. & Wall. R.L. (2007). Veterinary parasitology, 3rd
edition. Blackwell Publ. Co., Oxford: 2080 pp.
Vacca, L. (1985). Laboratory manual of histochemistry. Ravan Press, New
York: 205 pp.
top related