histologi-kardiovaskular
Post on 28-Oct-2014
118 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SYSTEMA CIRCULATORIUS
KLASIFIKASI: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR
PEMBULUH DARAH JANTUNG
SISTEM LIMFATIK NODUS LYMPHATICUS PEMBULUH LIMFE
HUBUNGAN STRUKTURAL/FUNGSIONAL: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN
SISTEM LIMFATIK HISTOLOGI:
SELURUH SISTEM DIBATASI OLEH ENDOTEL
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUBUNGAN TIMBAL BALIK SISTEM LIMFATIK DAN SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER
SISTEM LIMFATIK SISTEM KARDIO-VASKULER DUCTUS THORACICUS ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER
BERMUARA DALAM VENA BESAR SEBAGAI BAGIAN SISTEM PEMBULUH DARAH
SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER SISTEM LIMFATIK CAIRAN LIMFE DENGAN LIMFOSIT DALAM VENULA POST-CAPILER
DALAM SETIAP NODUS LYMPHATICUS SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI SISTEM PEMBULUH DARAH, MASUK SISTEM LIMFATIK,
YANG PADA AKHIRNYA DITAMPUNG DALAM KEDUA SALURAN LIMFE BESAR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SYSTEMA CIRCULATORIUS
JANTUNG
ARTERIA BESAR
ARTERIA SEDANG
ARTERIA KECIL
PEMBULUH KAPILER
VENA KECIL
VENA SEDANG
VENA BESAR
SISTEM LIMFATIKA
DUCTUS THORACICUS
SISTEM
KARDIOVASKULAR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SISTEM LIMFATIK
KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU
(vasa aferentia) (vasa aferentia)
NODUS LYMPHATICUS NODUS LYMPHATICUS
PEMBULUH LIMFE BESAR
PEMBULUH DARAH VENA
JANTUNG
Vasa eferentia
DUCTUS THORACICUS ET
DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS
DEXTER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ALIRAN CAIRAN LIMFE
CAIRAN LIMFE (CAIRAN JARINGAN) PLASMA LIMFOSIT
PEMBULUH LIMFE DIMULAI DENGAN KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU MENAMPUNG DARI CAIRAN JARINGAN
NODUS LYMPHATICUS MENAMPUNG KAPILER PADA PERMUKAAN CEMBUNG
PEMBULUH LIMFE LEBIH BESAR MENAMPUNG DARI VASA EFERENTIA N. LYMPHATICUS
PEMBULUH LIMFE BESAR MENUJU KE JANTUNG DIAMETER PEMBULUH LIMFE SEMAKIN BESAR DUCTUS THORACICUS V. SUBCLAVIA SINISTRA
DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER V. SUBCLAVIA DEXTRA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ALIRAN CAIRAN LIMFE
NODUS LYMPHATICUS
ARTERI
VENA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SIRKULASI PLASMA DAN LIMFOSIT
SISTEM LIMFESISTEM KARDIO -
VASKULER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DINDING VASA LYMPHATICA
VASA AFERENTIA MENAMPUNG CAIRAN JARINGAN DIAMETER LEBIH BESAR SEDIKIT DARI KAPILER DARAH SELAPIS SEL ENDOTEL TIPIS TIDAK ADA PERISIT
MASUK KE DALAM SINUS LYMPHATICUS DALAN NODUS LYMPHATICUS
KELUAR DARI HILUS SEBAGAI VASA EFERENTIA STRUKTUR DINDING SAMA DENGAN VASA AFERENTIA MENGANGKUT CAIRAN LIMFE DENGAN LIMFOSIT
VASA LYMPHATICA MENERIMA BEBERAPA VASA EFERENTIA, DIAMETER
BERTAMBAH BESAR DINDING BERTAMBAH TEBAL DI BAGIAN DALAM DILENGKAPI DENGAN VALVULA
DUCTUS THORACICUS DAN DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DINDING VASA LYMPHATICA
VENULA
VALVULA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VASA LYMPHATICA BESAR
VASA LYMPHATICA BERDIAMETER >0,2 mm DILENGKAPI VALVULA DIBEDAKAN 3 LAPISAN DINDING:
TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA
2 LAPISAN SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS TUNICA ADVENTITIA
BANYAK MENGANDUNG SERABUT KOLAGEN DAN ELASTIS
DUCTUS THORACICUS ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER (PEMBULUH LIMFE TERBESAR) DILENGKAPI DENGAN VALVULA 3 LAPISAN DINDING YANG KURANG JELAS
TUNICA INTIMA: ENDOTIL DAN SERABUT KOLAGEN & ELAS
TUNICA MEDIA : SEL OTOT POLOS TUNICA ADVENTITIA: SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS MEMANJANG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VASA LYMPHATICA BESAR
DUCTUS THORACICUS
DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER
VENA CAVA SUPERIOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteries Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles
Capillaries Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal
Veins Veins, venules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vessel Structure - General All vessels same basic structure 3 wall layers (or tunics)
Tunica adventitia (externa) - elastic and laminar fibers
Tunica media thickest layer elastic fibers and smooth muscle
fibers
Tunica interna (intima) endothelium – non-stick layer basement membrane internal elastic lamina
Lumen - opening
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Blood Vessels
Composed of three layers (tunics) Tunica intima – composed of simple squamous
epithelium Tunica media – sheets of smooth muscle
Contraction – vasoconstrictionRelaxation – vasodilation
Tunica externa – composed of connective tissue Lumen
Central blood-filled space of a vessel
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Figure 19.1a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Capillaries – smallest blood vessels
The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid
Veins – carry blood toward the heart
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Arteries
Elastic arteries – the largest arteries Diameters range from 2.5 cm
to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its
major branches Sometimes called
conducting arteries High elastin content dampens
surge of blood pressure Aorta, brachiocephalic,
common carotid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary, common iliac
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Elastic (conducting) arteries Near heart Thick walls More elastic fiber, less
smooth muscle Lose elasticity with
aging
Vessel Structure – Elastic Arteries
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vessel Structure - Elastic Arteries
Aorta and elastic arteries Can vasoconstrict or
vasodilate Large arteries expand, absorb
pressure wave then release it with elastic recoil - Windkessel effect
Help to push blood along during diastole
With aging have less expansion and recoil
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Arteries
Muscular (distributing) arteries Lie distal to elastic arteries Capable of grater vasoconstriction and
vaodilation to adjust the blood flow Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm Includes most named arteries Tunica media is thick, More smooth muscle
Less elastic fibers Many of the arteries anastomose Unique features Internal and external elastic laminae Distribute blood to skeletal muscles &
internal organs Ex: external carotid, brachial, mesenteric,
femoral
Figure 19.2b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2c
Types of Arteries
Arterioles Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by
Local factors in the tissues (02 levels)
Sympathetic nervous system hormonal stimulation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arterioles
Arterioles are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
Also have the three layers as an artery. Tunica media 1-2 layers of smooth muscle fibers A change in diameter of arterioles can
significantly affect blood pressure. Through constriction and dilation, arterioles
assume a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vessel Structure - Capillaries
Allow exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue
Capillary structure - simple Basal lamina - connective tissue Endothelial cells
Structure/function
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteriole: structure
1. Metarteriole
2. Arteriole
3. Capillary
Activity 3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Diameter from 8–10 µmRed blood cells pass through single
file
Site-specific functions of capillariesLungs – oxygen enters blood,
carbon dioxide leaves Small intestines – receive digested
nutrientsEndocrine glands – pick up
hormonesKidneys – removal of nitrogenous
wastes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Tempat pertukaran material nutrien antara darah dan jaringan.
Tempat terjadinya mikrosirkulasi:aliran darah dari arteriole menuju venule malaui kapiler.
capiller tidak berpori (continuous Capillaries) dan berpori ( fenestrated).
Precappilary sphincters mengatur aliran darah melalui capillaries.
Pada liver berupa sinusoid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Capillary walls are made of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane. They have no tunica media or tunica externa.
Body tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as muscles, kidneys, liver and nervous system, have an extensive network of capillaries.
Tissues with low metabolic requirements have fewer capillaries-tendons and ligaments.
All covering and lining epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye-lack capillaries.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Capillaries
True capillaries:emerge from arterioles and metarterioles.
Continuous capillaries-found in skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissues and the lungs.
Fenestrated capillaries-kidneys, villi os the SI, choroid plexuses in brain, ciliary process, endocrine glands.
Sinusoids:are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Present in liver, red bone marrow, pleen, ant.pit. Gland, and parathyroid glands.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RBCs in a Capillary
Figure 19.3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Network of capillaries running through tissues Precapillary sphincters
Regulate the flow of blood to tissues Tendons and ligaments – poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage – avascular
Receive nutrients from nearby CT
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Local control of blood vessels
Sphincters contract or relax based on demand for: nutrients (AA, glucose, fatty
acids) Dissolved gases (O2, CO2 load,
lactic acid) Additional capillaries grow in
to area to satisfy increased energy demands
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Permeabillity
Endothelial cells – held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Intercellular clefts – gaps of unjoined membrane Small molecules can enter and exit
Two types of capillary Continuous – most common Fenestrated – have pores
Sinusoid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Capillaries
3 types of capillaries
1. Continuous capillaries continuous endothelial
cells except for cleft between cells
tight junctions between endothelial cells prevent most things from leaving caps
most capillaries in body
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries fenestrations (slits) allow for
filtration of small substances glomerular capillaries in
kidney
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Routes of Capillary Permeability
Four routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts Through cytoplasmic vesicles Through fenestrations
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Low Permeability Capillaries
Blood-brain barrier Capillaries have complete tight junctions No intercellular clefts are present Vital molecules pass through
Highly selective transport mechanisms
Not a barrier against Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Capillaries
3. Sinusoid capillaries wider gaps between
endothelial cells allowing RBC’s to exit the caps
found in liver
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Intercellular clefts are wide open
Occur in bone marrow and spleen Sinusoids have a large diameter and twisted course
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sinusoids
Figure 19.5c
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Veins
Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins – called venules
Diameters from 8 – 100 µm Smallest venules – called postcapillary venules
Venules join to form veins Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vessel Structure – Veins Veins
Interna thicker than arteries
Media thinner, less muscle
Externa thick Valves Pressure low High compliance -
change volume easily with small change in pressure
Varicose veins
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CIRI MENGANGKUT DARAH KE JANTUNG JUMLAH LEBIH BESAR DARIPADA ARTERIA MENDEKATI JANTUNG DIAMETER MAKIN BESAR BIASANYA BERADA DI DEKAT ARTERINYA KETEBALAN DINDING LEBIH TIPIS DENGAN VALVULA BIASANYA PADA SEDIAAN DALAM KONDISI KOLAPS
KLASIFIKASI: VENA BESAR VENA SEDANG VENA KECIL = VENULA
DINDING TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA
VENA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENA BESAR
MIKROSKOPIS TUNICA INTIMA ( 45 m - 68 m)
ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT SANGAT TIPIS
TUNICA MEDIA TIDAK BERKEMBANG DENGAN BAIK SERINGKALI TIDAK ADA
TUNICA ADVENTITIA
MERUPAKAN BAGIAN UTAMA DARI DINDING JARINGAN PENGIKAT: SERABUT ELASTIS DAN
SERABUT KOLAGEN YANG MEMANJANG TERUTAMA MENGANDUNG SERABUT OTOT POLOS
MEMANJANG
CONTOH: VENA CAVA, VENA PORTAE, V. LIENALIS.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENA BESAR
OTOT POLOS
OTOT POLOS
TUNICA MEDIA CUKUP TEBAL
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENA SEDANG (2 - 9 mm)
MIKROSKOPIS TUNICA INTIMA (TIPIS)
SEL ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT TIPIS SEDIKIT SERABUT ELASTIS
TUNICA MEDIA (LEBIH TIPIS DARIPADA ARTERI SEDANG) TERUTAMA SEL OTOT POLOS SIRKULER OTOT POLOS DIPISAHKAN SER. KOLAGEN MEMANJANG SEDIKIT FIBROBLAS
TUNICA ADVENTITIA (LEBIH TEBAL DARIPADA TUNICA MEDIA) JARINGAN PENGIKAT LONGGAR DENGAN BERKAS TEBAL
SERABUT KOLAGEN MEMANJANG DAN ANYAMAN SERABUT ELASTIS
BAGIAN DALAM SERING ADA BERKAS SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS MEMANJANG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENA SEDANG (2 - 9 mm)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR DINDING ARTERIA SEDANG DAN VENA SEDANG
ARTERIA SEDANG
VENA SEDANG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENULA (15 m - 200 m)
MENERIMA DARAH DARI KAPILER DINDING:
TUNICA INTIMA ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT, BEBERAPA SEL OTOT POLOS,
MAKIN BESAR DIAMETER: SEL-SEL MAKIN RAPAT
TUNICA MEDIA 1 ATAU BEBERAPA LAPIS SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS
TUNICA ADVENTITIA FIBROBLAS DAN SERABUT TIPIS ELASTIS DAN KOLAGEN
MEMANJANG
SIFAT: PERMEABILITAS CUKUP TINGGI
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VENULA DENGAN KATUP (15 m - 200 m)
KATUP
KATUP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ARTERIOLA DAN VENULA
MEMBRANA ELASTICA INTERNA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6
Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure
Valves in some veins Particularly in limbs
Skeletal muscle pump Muscles press against
thin-walled veins force blood back to
heart valves prevent back
flow
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vascular Anastomoses
Vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses Organs receive blood from more than one arterial
source Neighboring arteries form arterial anastomoses
Provide collateral channels Veins anastomose more frequently than arteries
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vasa Vasorum
Tunica externa of large vessels have Tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins
Vasa vasorum vessels of vessels Nourish outer region of large vessels
Inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteries
Sympathetic fibers of the ANS innervate vascular smooth muscle. An inc. in sympathetic stimulation typically stimulates the smooth muscle to contract-vasoconstriction.
When sympathetic stimulation decreases, or in presence of certain chemicals-NO, K+, H+ and lactic acid, they relax-vasodilation.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vessel Structure - Function
Capillary Function Site of exchange between blood and tissues Delivery of nutrients and removal of wastes Slow flow allows time for exchange
Mechanisms of nutrient exchange Diffusion - O2, CO2, glucose, AA's, hormones
diffuse down [ ] gradients If lipid soluble, can travel through cell If water soluble, between cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Fluid Exchange
Forces driving the movement of fluid Hydrostatic pressure capillary (HPc)
Hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid (HPif)
Osmotic pressure capillary(OPc)
Osmotic pressure interstitial fluid (OPif)
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is a sum of all
Fluid movement Fluid filtered and
reabsorbed across capillary wall
Starling’s law of the capillaries
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Fluid Exchange
On average 85% of fluid filtered at arteriole end is reabsorbed at venular end
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal Coronary Artery Cross Section
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
60% Narrowing of Coronary Artery
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
90% Blockage of Coronary Artery
calcified arearemaining lumen
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atherosclerotic Plaque Histology
cholesterol crystal (cleft) foam cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thrombus Causing MI
“Needle-Like” white spots are cholesterol crystals
Thrombus ocluding artery Likely site of plaque rupture
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Myocardial Infarction Histology
necrosed muscle cells red blood cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Myocardial Infarction Histology
normal muscle cells remaining macrophages and the beginnings of scar tissue
top related