histo review endocrine
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
REVIEW
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Ei guys sorry gumawa nlng akongreview kasi mejo pressed for time Itried to make it as self-study-able as
possible and merong mga questionsin between (yung answer nasa nextslide) if you have questions text menlng or ask on tues morning (or askBea). Pero it would be best if youreferred to a book. Hope this helpsanyway and I hope hope we get
higher grades this time
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Pituitary (neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis) Pars distalis, pars intermedialis; pars nervosa
Chromophobes, acidophils, basophils; Herring body,pituicytes
Rathkes pouch, infundibulum
Adrenal Gland Cortex, medulla
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid follicles, C cells (parafollicular cells), colloid Parathyroid Gland
Adipose, oxyphil cell, chief cell
Endocrine Pancreas Islets of Langerhans, Beta cell (insulin), Alpha
cell(glucagon) Pineal Gland
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Hypophysis pituitary gland
Located in the diencephalon Comprised of adenohypophysis
(anterior pituitary) and
neurohypophysis Infundibulum: connects pituitary to
hypothalamus
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Pituitary
Adenohypophysis comprised of pars distalisand pars intermedia Pars distalis: secretes growth hormone (GH),
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizinghormone (LH) and prolactin
Pars intermedia: secretes melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH)
Pars tuberalis: thin extension in contact with
infundibulum Neurohypophysis comprised of pars nervosa,
infundibular stalk and median eminence Pars nervosa (posterior pituitary) : stores ADH
and oxytocin
ADH and oxytocin not synthesized in parsnervosa; secreted by hypothalamus
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Hypophysis pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis (ant.Pituitary)
Pars distalis darker staining
Pars intermedia
in between parsdistalis andpars nervosa
Narrow band ofdarker stainingcells alongright handmargin of slit
Slit remnant of Rathkespouch
Neurohypophysis (post.
Pituitary) Pars nervosa
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Parsnervosa
Pars
intermedia
Parsdistalis
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a rsdistalisa r si n t e r m e dia
a r sn e r v o s a
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Adenohypophysis parsdistalis
Pars distalis Secretory Cells of
pars distalis Chromophils (A):
darker staining,dark cytoplasm Basophils: v. dark
stainingnucleus (darkstaining
cytoplasm) Acidophils: dark
stainingcytoplasm
Chromophobes(B):
hardly stain (onlyfound in anterior
ecretor y cells are arr anged i nlumps s ep arate d by a f ine(eticula r fiber CT thi n blackines w here t he ca i ll aries lie
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Chromophobes
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Chromophils and theirsecretions
chromophilsA cid o p h ils S o m a to tro p h ic
( )ce ll G H
M a m m o tro p h ic( )ce ll Pro la ctin
:pnemonics" (GPA g rowth hormone andp rolactin are secreted by
the a )cidophilsBasophils
Gonadotrophic( , )cell FSH LH
Thyrotropic cell( )TSH
Cotricotrophiccell
( )ACTH- "B FLAT b asophils secrete F ,SH
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Pars distalis
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acidophil b a so p h il
chromophobe
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Question: In this picture of the pars distalis,what type of secretory epithelial cell are
denoted by arrow?
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Red: Basophil(other cells are acidophils yellow;
chromophobes orange)
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Question: In this picture of the pars distalis,what type of secretory epithelial cell is
labeled 'a'?
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Chromophobe (no stain) -other chromophobesyellow arrow
(other cells are b- basophil; c- acidophil)
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Question: What hormones do these cellssecrete?
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Prolactin and Growth hormone (mammotropic &somatotropic)
(other cells: blue chromophobe, yellow:basophil)
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Capillary
NOTE:endocrineglands are
highlyvascularized (sincesecretions
go to blood) Encircled:
nucleus ofendothelial
cell
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Question: Identify (ID) cell. IDgland
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Chromophobepars distalis hypothalamus
other structures (basophil purple stain and acidophil pink stain)encircled blood vessel with RBC
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a rsdistalisa r si n t e r m e dia
a r sn e r v o s a
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Pars intermedia
May be cystic Parsintermediafused
with/withinpars distalis(purple arrow)
Lumen of
rathkes pouchdisappear Split in right
(green)
fixationartifact
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Question: Identify glandIdentify space at tip of arrow
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Pituitary glandcystic pars intermedia
other structures (notice lighter pars nervosa with pituicytes; parsdistalis with dark staining basophils and acidophils and light staining
chromophobes)
arsnervosaarsdistalis
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a rsdistalisa r si n t e r m e dia
a r sn e r v o s a
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Posterior pituitary functions
Stores and releases 2 hormones thatare produced in the hypothalamus:
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH/vasopressin):
Promotes the retention of H2
0 by the
kidneys.
Less H20 is excreted in the
urine.
Oxytocin:
Stimulates contractions of the uterusduring parturition.
Stimulates contractions of themammary gland alveoli.
Milk-ejection reflex.
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Neurohypophysis parsnervosa
Cells of pars nervosa Pituicytes
(C):neuroglial-like;
Herring bodies:
cellular projectionswhich storeneurotransmitters
accumulation ofsecretion within theaxon of neuronswhose cell bodies liein the hypothalamusof the brain
no nuclei
Nuclei of endothelial
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Pars nervosa
pituicytes
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Question : ID gland. IDstructures
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ID gland. ID structuresPost. Pituitary pars nervosaHerring bodypituicyte nucleusNucleus of endothelial cell of fenestrated capillary
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Question : ID gland. IDpointed structure
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Post. Pituitary; Herring body
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Question: ID gland. ID pointedstructure
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Pituicyte (round/oval nuclei)
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Thyroid Gland
Largest of the pure endocrine glands
Composed of many spherical hollow sacs(thyroid follicles) surrounded by cells(follicular cells/principal cells)
Follicles are filled with a colloid Follicular cells use the thyroglobulin and
iodide stored in the colloid to produceprimary thyroid hormones (ex. T3 and T4)
In between follicles are parafollicular cellswhich secrete calcitonin
Only gland which stores its hormonalsecretion extracellularly before releasinginto bloodstream
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid follicles
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Functions of T3
Stimulates protein synthesis.
Promotes maturation of nervous system.
Stimulates rate of cellular respiration by:
Production of uncoupling proteins. Increase active transport by Na+/K+ pumps.
Lower cellular [ATP].
Increases metabolic heat.
Increases metabolic rate. Stimulates increased consumption of
glucose, fatty acids and other molecules.
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid follicleFollicular/ principal
cells: simple cuboidalcells (activelysynthesizing), simple
squamous cells(inactive stage)
-line the follicle -lesser
cytoplasm compared
to parafollicular cellsColloid : pink, contains
thyroglobulin andiodine (hormoneprecursors)
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Parafollicular cells
Parafollicularcells
-C cells -cells
outside offollicle
-producecalcitonin
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Q ti Wh t i thi
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Question: What is thishomogenous substance?
Colloid filled with thyroglobulin glycoprotein precursor of thyroid
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Colloid filled with thyroglobulin glycoprotein precursor of thyroidhormone
other structures (follicle cells -green, parafollicular -purple(calcitonin), black capillary)
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Parathyroid Gland
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid (A)embedded inthyroid (B)
Notice thyroid
follicles filled withcolloid (lower half)
Notice the absenceof follicles in
parathyroid tissue(upper half)
Parathyroid cellsusually darkerstaining (due to
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Some functionsof PTH:
Single mostimportant
hormone in thecontrol of blood[Ca2+ ].
inc renal tubularabsorption ofCa
inc intestinal Ca
absorp
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Notice thattheparathyroid glandcontains
bloodvesselsandadipocytes
Notice that
Chief cellsappear asbands/ribbons orcords
(yellowscribble in
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Question: ID gland and cell
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(xy phil cells b igger)ytoplasm
Adipocytes
hi ef c ells
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Adrenal Gland
Encapsulated
Comprised of a cortex and medulla
Cortex originates from mesoderm and
medulla from the neural crest Cortex further subdivided into zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata andzona reticularis
Cortex does not receive neuralstimulation (must be hormonallystimulated via ACTH)
General parts of Adrenal
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General parts of AdrenalGland
Capsule (A):
Cortex (B): dividedinto three zones
withinareolar/reticularCT framework
Medulla (C):
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Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Gland: Cortical
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Adrenal Gland: CorticalDivision
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d re n a l m e d u lla
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Z o n u la g lo m e ru lo sa
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Zona glomerulosa Beneath capsule
Cells are composedof columnar cellsarranged insmall clusters
Cells have heavilystained nucleiand basophiliccytoplasm
Fairly dark and
quite narrow involved in
electrolyteregulation viasecretion of
aldosterone and
Z. Glomerulosa arranged in
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gclusters (red)
encircled in yellow: ang walang kamatayang endothelial cellnucleus
Question: ID gland. Id
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glayer
W h a t d o e s itsecrete?
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Adrenal glandzona glomerulosa
secretes mineralcorticoids
(aldosterone)
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Zona Fasciculata Zona fasciculata
Center ofadrenal cortex
Widest, palestlayer
Identified by
arrangementof vacuolatedcells inverticalcolumns orstrips
Cells appear paleand foamylookingbecause ofdissolved lipidof their
secretions
Zona fasciculata
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Zona fasciculataencircled in yellow: endothelial cells of
capillary
Notecolumnar
arrangement ofcells(vertical,
parallelto eachotherwith
capillarie
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Zona Reticularis
Innermostcortical layer
cells are
somewhatunorganized(anastomosingcords)
involved in sexhormones (sexsteroids)
Question: ID
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Question: IDgland. ID layers
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Adrenal gland
Zona reticularisand medullary
layer
d l d ll
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Adrenal Medulla
Lighter thancortex
Site of
epinephrine andnorepinephrine
production Cells:
ganglioncells (in
blue arrow)
Chromaffin cell (secrete
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Chromaffin cell (secretecatecholamines)
Functions of adrenal
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Functions of adrenalmedulla
Innervated by preganglionicsympathetic axons (SNS)
Increase respiratory rate.
Increase HR and cardiac output. Vasoconstrict blood vessels, thus
increasing venous return.
Stimulate glycogenolysis. Stimulate lipolysis.
Question: Why does the venous bloodd i i th t t th d ll h
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draining the cortex to the medulla have a
high concentration of glucocorticoids?
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Glucocorticoids are needed for the synthesis ofphenyl ethanolamine N methylene a keyenzyme in the synthesis of nor epinephrine
P
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Pancreas
Accessory gland for digestion
Endocrine function: insulin andglucagon
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Islets of Langerhans (A):endocrine portion ofpancreas Lighter staining
compared to exocrineacinar ducts (producecells for the digestivesystem)
Appear in patches
throughout pancreas types of cells
alpha cells secreteglucagon (outer)
beta cells secrete
insulin (inner)
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types of cells alpha
cellssecreteglucagon
( usually stainredandfoundinperiph
eryouter)
beta cellssecreteinsulin(usuallystain
blue
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Pi l Gl d
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Pineal Gland
Projection of the roof ofthe diencephalon with asmall recess of the thirdventricle extending to its
stalk Covered by pia mater
Hormone produced ismelatonin
Hormone production :greatest in the dark
Comprised of Pinealocytes & glial cells
Pineal sand : increases
Pi l Gl d
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Pineal Gland
Pinealocyte (region oforange arrow)
Major cell type
Nuclei round with
prominent nucleoli
Secrete melatonin
Glial /interstitial cell
Nuclei stain moredeeply
Brain sand
Aggregations of Ca+
B i d
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Brain sand
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