higher education work-related violence
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Higher Education Work-Related Violence
This material was produced under grant number SH-17035-08-60-F-11 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. These materials do not necessarily reflect views or policies of the U.S.
Department of Labor, nor does mention of any trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Goals
• Raise awareness of extent and severity of problem
• Learn basic elements of a prevention program
Scope of ProblemScope of Problem
Every Year:• 1.7 million Americans are assaulted at
work • 6 million are threatened • 16 million workers are harassed
Source: Bureau of Justice, Workplace Violence, 1993 - 1999
National Crime Victimization Survey
Annual Rates of AssaultAnnual Rates of Assaultby employer typeby employer typeNational Crime Victims Survey, US DOJ 2001
Employer type Rate/1000
Overall 12.5
Private company 9.9
Federal govt. 12.1
State/local govt. 33.0
Self-employed 7.4
Other 11.0
Annual Rates of Assaultby selected occupational fieldsNational Crime Victims Survey, US DOJ 2001
Occupational Field Rate/1000
Retail Sales 18.3
Transportation 13.7
Teaching 16.6
Law Enforcement 125.0
Mental Health 50.9
Medical 12.8
Other fields 11.8
The Silent EpidemicThe Silent Epidemic
• 58% of harassed employees do not report incidents
• Fewer than half of workers report assault to the police
• Only 25% of rapes at work are reported
Source: National Crime Victimization Survey
What are the Causes of What are the Causes of Under-Reporting of Under-Reporting of Workplace Assaults?Workplace Assaults?
• “Part of the job” syndrome• “Consequence of living in a violent
society”• Fear of blame or reprisal• Lack of management/ peer support• No serious injuries• “Not worth the effort”
Typology
• Type I – Criminal intent (stranger)
• Type II – Customer/client/patient
• Type III – Co-worker• Type IV – Personal
(friend/family)
Identify All Risk Identify All Risk FactorsFactors• Potential perpetrators / intent
• At-risk staff
• Activities / Situations
• Locations
• Times of day / week / year
Risk Identification Risk Identification Activities (1)Activities (1)
Records review
– OSHA logs
– Logs of other incidents
– You / union have right to records
• Check for completeness
• Review multiple years – look for trends
Color coding of injuries/incidents :
Blue: 1
Green: 2 - 4
Orange: 5 >
Risk mapping
Risk Identification Risk Identification Activities (2)Activities (2)Review Policies and Programs
• What policies exist?
• Cover all types/sources of violence
• Post-incident investigation and support
• Are they applied consistently?
• Periodically reviewed and revised
Zero Tolerance Zero Tolerance PoliciesPolicies
• Worker-focused approach• May violate “just cause” standards• May be viewed as unfair if they are
arbitrary and reflexive• Ignores systemic causes
Proceed with caution!Proceed with caution!
Risk Identification Risk Identification Activities (3)Activities (3)
Worksite inspection
• Building and grounds
• Dangerous areas
• Potential weapons / “exacerbators”
• Checklist
• Conduct regularly
Risk Identification Risk Identification Activities (4)Activities (4)
Talk to the Workers
– Face-to-face
– Questionnaire survey
– Focus groups
– Provide confidentiality, as needed
– Report H&S cmte activities
Risk Identification Risk Identification Activities (5)Activities (5)
Talk to Students/Families
– Individually
– Focus groups
– Identify “stressors” and triggers
– Form coalitions
Risk Factors(organizational/administrative) (1)
Staffing
• Adequate numbers• Distribution
– Shift– Location
• OT – excessive, mandated
Risk Factors(organizational/administrative) (2)
Rules and Work Procedures
• Intake, meds, etc.• Meals, phones, smoking, etc.• Goldilocks
Risk Factors(organizational/administrative) (3)
Communication and Teamwork
•Between shifts•Across disciplines
Risk Factors(organizational/administrative) (4)
Training and Education
• Tailored to worksite• Mandatory• Periodic refreshers• Interactive• Focus only on individual actions?
Risk Factors (Physical Environment) (1)
• Access control • Working in isolation • Hidden areas• Surveillance cameras• Security hardware, alarm systems, etc.
Risk Factors (Physical Environment) (2)
• Lighting, noise, air quality• Sharp edges• Hard surfaces• Work in dangerous neighborhoods• Other?
What are YOUR risks?What are YOUR risks?
• Who, what where, when, why,
how?
• What are the causes?
• What can you/we do?
• Comprehensive program• Debriefing• Medical and psychological counseling• Victims, witnesses, co-workers• Identify and adopt preventive
measures• Interactions with the criminal justice
system
Post-incident ResponsePost-incident Response
OSHA GENERAL DUTY OSHA GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE: CLAUSE:
SECTION 5(a)(1)SECTION 5(a)(1)
Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm
This includes the prevention and control of the hazard of workplace violence
OSHA GuidelinesOSHA Guidelines
Preventing Workplace Violence for
HealthCare and Social Service Workers
(1996/2003)
www.osha.gov
Violence Prevention Violence Prevention ProgramsPrograms Core Elements
OSHA 2003
• Management Commitment and Employee
Involvement
• Worksite Analysis
• Hazard Prevention and Control
• Safety and Health Training
• Recordkeeping and Program Evaluation
Violence Prevention Violence Prevention ProgramsPrograms
• Assign responsibility and authority
• Involve staff in all aspects of violence
prevention
• Allocate adequate resources
• Encourage reporting – No reprisals
• Equal commitment to worker safety and client
outcomes
Hazard Evaluation & ControlHazard Evaluation & Control
• Organize a team
• Analyze injury data
• Focus groups/ survey affected staff
• Evaluate work environment
• Organize to implement changes
Labor’s Strategies
• joint L/M programs• contract language and grievances• OSHA complaints, PR, Coalitions• promulgation of state and federal laws
– Washington State rule for hospitals– Lisa’s Law in Michigan– Marty’s Law in Washington
NYS PEF’s Stop Workplace Violence Campaign
PEF’s Stop Workplace Violence Campaign Goals
• Education
• Legislation
• Mobilization
PEF SWV Campaign PEF SWV Campaign ActivitiesActivities $250,000
10 day-long regional
trainings
Buttons, stickers
DVD, “Human Faces” Booklet
to legislators/Das
Postcards
Press conference, lobbying,
coalition building
Worksite action plans
PEF’s Stop Workplace Violence Campaign Outcomes
• $250,000 from PEF Membership Benefits• 10 regionally-based day-long
mobilization/trainings• Development of booklet and DVD• Successful legislative campaign• Increased activity
Mobe/training ParticipantsNumber of Regional Trainings – 10Total Participants – 318
Members – 294Regional Coordinators – 12Vice-Presidents - 3EOL Used – 213
PEF Staff - 24PEF Divisions – 116Total Workplaces - 126
SWV Campaign Follow-up
Source of Workplace Violence
Patient/client/inmate – 70.4%Co-worker – 16.5%Member of the public – 13.9%Supervisor – 2.6%Spouse/family/partner – 0.8%Robber – 0.0%
data from follow-up questionnaire survey – 115
respondents
SWV Campaign Follow-up
Post-training Actions
Spoke with co-workers – 91.3%Spoke with management – 75.7%Committee deal w/ issue – 68.7%Formed new committee – 16.5%Participate in legisl. camp. – 80.9%
data from follow-up questionnaire survey – 115
respondents
SWV Campaign Follow-up
Post-training Changes
Any change – 36.5%Physical environment – 19.1%New/revised policy – 8.7%Staffing – 8.7%Other – 9.6%
data from follow-up questionnaire survey – 115
respondents
Legislative Program
• Annual Report on Workplace Injuries and Costs in State Agencies:S6840 Robach / A9692 John VETOED
• Judi Scanlon Bill: S207 Maziarz / A2570 Hoyt VETOED
• Workplace Violence Prevention Bill: S6441 Spano / A9691 John SIGNED
NEW NYS Violence Standard• All public employers must evaluate their
workplaces to identify violence-related risk factors
• Must implement written program (if >20 workers)
– List of risk factors
– Risk-reduction measures
• Takes effect 2007
• Get Involved !!
Workplace Violence Workplace Violence ResourcesResources
www.pef.org
www.osha.gov
www.cdc.gov/niosh
– Violence in the workplace, CIB 57 (1996)
– Violence: Occupational hazards in hospitals (2002)
– Violence on the job (DVD) (2004)
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