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HEYDER ALIYEV CENTRE, Azerbaijan
Zaha Hadid Architects
BackgroundIn 2013, the Heydar Aliyev Center opened to the public in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The cultural center,designed by Zaha Hadid, has become the primary building for the nation's cultural programs, aspiring insteadto express the sensibilities of Azeri culture and the optimism of a nation that looks to the future.
This report presents a case study of the project. It will include the background information, a synopsis of thearchitect's mastery of structural design. Also, some special elements of this building will be discussed in detail.And the structural design of the whole complex will be reviewed through diagrams and the simplifiedcomputer-based structural analysis.
The Heydar Aliyev CenterSince 1991, Azerbaijan has been working on modernizing and developing Baku’s infrastructure and architecturein order to depart from its legacy of normative Soviet Modernism. The center is named for Heydar Aliyev, theleader of Soviet-era Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1982, and President of Azerbaijan from October 1993 to October2003. The project is located in the center of the city. And it played an extremely important role in thedevelopment of the city. It breaks from the rigid and often monumental Soviet architecture that is soprevalent in Baku. More importantly, it is a symbol of democratic philosophy thought. Under the influence ofthe new Azerbaijan party and the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan leader’s political and economic reform,the center was also designed to show the potential of the country’s future cultural development, to encouragepeople to study the history, language, culture, national creed and spiritual values of their own country.
The design of the Heydar Aliyev Center establishes a continuous, fluid relationship between its surrounding plaza andthe building’s interior. The plaza, as the ground surface; accessible to all as part of Baku’s urban fabric, rises toenvelop an equally public interior space and define a sequence of event spaces dedicated to the collective celebrationof contemporary and traditional Azeri culture. Elaborate formations such as undulations, bifurcations, folds, andinflections modify this plaza surface into an architectural landscape that performs a multitude of functions:welcoming, embracing, and directing visitors through different levels of the interior. With this gesture, the buildingblurs the conventional differentiation between architectural object and urban landscape, building envelope andurban plaza, figure and ground, interior and exterior.
DESIGN CONCEPT
SITE PLAN
Main entrance VIP EntranceCafé Entrance
West Entrance
LEVEL ONE LEVEL TWO LEVEL THREE
Auditorium
Multipurpose hall
Auditorium Bar
Welcome zone
Book store/Gift shop
Cafe
Temporary Art Gallery
Library Meeting room
LEVEL FOUR LEVEL FIVE LEVEL SIX
Administration
LEVEL SEVEN LEVEL EIGHT LEVEL NINE
Baku, which in old Farsi means ‘where wind beats’, is subject to
high wind loads throughout the year, and as the city lies within a
seismic zone, the project’s structural engineers faced a multitude
of challenges. The freeform structure of the project derives from
the architectural design concept of modifying a single surface to
adopt different functional requirements. The aim was to create a
large column-free space giving visitors the opportunity of
experiencing the fluidity of the interior. To achieve this, vertical
elements are absorbed by the envelope and curtain wall system.
The Heydar Aliyev Centre consists of 2 structural systems: Space
Frame and concrete with a single movement joint (Figure 1 and 3
on the following page).
Structural Features
Figure 1. Structural System - Space Frame
Figure 2. Structural System - Concrete CoresFigure 3. Structural System - Overall View
Space FrameThe space frame enables the construction of this free form
structure while offering significant savings in time throughout the
construction process. The surface geometry driven by the
architecture, dictates the need to pursue unconventional
structural solutions; the introduction of curved ‘boot columns’ to
achieve the inverse peel of the surface from the ground at the
west, and the cantilever beams ‘dovetails’ tapering towards the
free end, supporting building envelope at the east. The
substructure enables the incorporation of a flexible relationship
between the rigid structural grid of the space frame and the
free- formed exterior cladding seams which derive from complex
geometry rationalization, architectural aesthetics and usage.
Building Components and SystemConcreteReinforced concrete is mainly used to construct shear walls as
the partition to separate main spaces and to support the space
frame. It also used to construct the footing of the building. As
Earthquakes are one of the biggest threats to construction in
Baku, the building must be reinforced by massive 150-foot-long
concrete piles buried below the Earth's surface to withstand an
earthquake measuring up to magnitude 7.0.
Special nodesDue to the large span of the space
frame, it is connected to the reinforced
concrete structure in addition to the
support of the columns and directly to
the foundation, in order to maintain the
stability of the structure as much as
possible. The method of maintaining
stability is to extend the steel core beam
from the reinforced concrete core tube,
fix the vertical steel member to the joist,
and connect the space frame to the joist.
As shown in the figure, the
space frame will be subjected
to a large bending moment. In
order to solve this problem and
ensure structural stability, the
structural engineer will thicken
the space grid here, from the
other parts of the single layer
into multi-layer, to provide
adequate bending resistance.
The continuous architecture contains three majorprograms, including the museum, exhibition halls andconvention center, mainly composed by rigid concretestructure grid free from external space frame with asingle movement joint. The three spaces are separatedfrom each other and have their own entry and securityareas. Also they share some common places under thecontinuous external skin. In order to make column freespace, the certain wall and envelope serve as verticalelements.
Interesting spaces in the structure
The convention center could be used for both convention and music performance with 1200 auditorium seats. Thissection of 4 levels embraces 2 multifunctional conference halls, meeting rooms and the media center. The auditoriumis 18 meters height and spans approximately 28 meters supported by concrete shear wall around the space. To reach alarge span, the ceiling is constructed by two-way system and adopt steel space frame. As for the interial surface ofceiling, it is created by gypsum board supported by cables to meet acoustical and lighting requirements. The first floorand second floor have a continuous large space and transfer the self-weight to narrow reinforced concrete beams andcolumns at the base. Then the loads are transferred to the pile foundation. Different sizes of cross bracing according tothe height of seats are used to resist lateral force and stiffen structure. All information is shown in the figure 4.
The multifunction hall is near the convention center which is divided into three smaller ones toward north in thegarden. The hall spans about 27 meters with a height of 10.5 meters. The ceiling of hall is constructed by steel openweb trusses which have height of 2.2 meters, which is effective and could be used to resist deflections in a given size.There are three meeting rooms with a concrete rigid system above the hall, which transfer gravity loads to theconcrete floor slab that is approximately 0.8 meter and trusses by columns and shear wall. Then the hall transfersloads to slab, beams and columns at the basement which has a grid and patterns system through shear walls in theeast, west and south.
The museum occupies 9 floors with exhibition halls, administrative office, restaurant and a cafeteria. It consists of apermanent gallery and a temporary exhibition gallery. In the temporary gallery, a double-height space lobby is in theentrance with curve ceiling in the above. It has a very thin slab of 8-13mm thickness which covers the ceiling sothey would have a very light self-weight transferring to the foundation. The ceiling is made by steel trusses of nearly1.5 meters height that support its self-weight as well, serving as a cantilever of 25 meters and transferring loads tothe element B –the tilt shear wall with a wide of 1.4 meter. Then the loads are carried by 3.1 meters thick matfoundation and 1.1 meter thick piles underground. The element C is a cantilever floor that spans approximately 20.4meters supported by the tilt shear wall. In order to reach the large span, the structure could be two-way concretewaffle slab with a height of nearly 2.2 meters. As for the basement, it is a grids patterns constructed by the concreteflat slab and columns.
In the permanent collection gallery, the space isdivided by element B, the tilt shear wall. Element Dspans nearly 9.8 meters while element E spans 8.2meters measuring 1.2 meter depth. This beam in turnsupports both dead loads and live loads from roof andthe floor of exhibition and then transfer forces to themat foundation.
The library is 8 stories seated in the north of site witha continuous exterial building skin in the façade. TheAHU room is a large space that sits on a 1.2 meter matfoundation spanning 21.6 meters with a height of 9meters. The 120-mm-thick reinforced concrete slab issupported by shear wall in four directions. The beamin turn supports the reinforced concrete slab every 3.5meters by 0.8 meter depth. For the AHU room embedsin the finer grid, heavy girders are needed to carrymore loads transferred from top elements likeconcrete columns, beams, slabs and trusses of theceiling.
Wind load
Calculating wind load using the Generic formula: F=A*P*Cd
F is the wind load, A is the area exposed to wind direction, P is the pressure, Cd is a factor
The surface area of inner skin is 22,000 square meters, we estimate one sixths is exposed to the wind’s direction, so A equals to 3666.7 square meters. P equals to 0.00256 multiplies the quadratic of V, which stands for local wind speed, and the number is 14mph. So we get P is 2.44 kilogram per square meters.
For a flat area, Cd is 1.4.
So we can calculate F is 3.72KN
Moment Diagram under wind load
0.645 4.0844.084 6.416
1.194 0.645
13.171
6.1936.193
1.194
42.46
20.30420.304
51.388
46.271 42.4635.903
32.23
28.977
36.619
11.147
13.171
29.5725.822
25.82219.869
59.24
59.931
6.416
15.509
43.73135.903
3.0924.738
4.738
11.147
11.0463.092
19.869
17.28917.289
11.046
586.914
372.23
828.509
586.914
372.23
4.137
325.816
188.016
4.137
188.016
83.707
82.89
61.531
61.207
92.511
88.393
828.509997.017
29.646
29.57
384.986
325.816
49.826
112.574112.574
180.265
25.8
49.826
51.38859.531
59.53162.593
342.527378.029378.029
384.986
295.613342.527
180.265242.441242.441
295.613
y
x
Shear diagram under wind load
0.501 1.4770.085
0.89
0.916
3.9592.912
1.2786.749
3.737
0.2652.8512.881
3.78
1.407 6.421
2.7861.9362.686
1.3212.272
62.663
72.771
59.954
62.34
62.209
6.245
3.9347.262
47.633
2.022
28.107
18.31818.57219.634
2.3340.955
9.804
2.037
14.17417.526
15.614
y
x
Member axial reactions under wind load
24.185T 27.848T20.501T
13.146T16.801T
32.487T 36.295T29.024T31.623T 31.24T
9.577T
2.064C2.022C
4.841C
31.558T28.01T
1.85T5.823T
2.275C3.263C2.689C
50.581C42.163C
48.271C
31.628T
39.012C
0.584C
3.554T18.173C
73.623T
2.881C
60.159T
42.308T45.738T38.161T40.035T43.789T
58.661T62.891T57.761T49.688T53.842T
y
x
Gravity
• For gravity, The construction has been used 121,000 cube meters of reinforced concrete, 194,000tn formwork and 19,000tn mold steel. The density of reinforced concrete is 2400 kilogram per cube meters, so we can use 2400 to multiply 121,000 to get the weight of reinforced concrete, and the number is 290,400, 000 kilogram.
• Since 1tn=907.2kg, and we already know it uses 194,000tn formwork and 19,000tn mold steel, we can convert it to kilogram. The weight of formwork is 175,996,800kg, while the weight of mold steel is 17,236,800kg.
• Adding these three number together, we can get the total weight is 483,633,600kg, or 4739609.28KN
• The total floor area is 101,801 square meters, so we use 4739609.28 divided by 101,801 to get 46.56 kN per square meters.
Moment diagram under gravity
978.294
209.209209.209
1790.12
1796.623
978.2942678.992
2429.8262429.826 1796.623
69.317
116.289116.289
354.91870.831
69.317
2808.454
411.116513.678
247.6262581.627
2678.992
266.723
173.837173.837
770.663
274.171
202.193
1790.12
3527.813253.639
2808.454
2101.322391.332391.33
2581.627
1664.9642101.32
770.6631153.9631153.9631664.964
1800.367746.7742778.1041800.367
746.774
960.823
1432.468
1586.669
960.823 1586.669
179.588
176.795
117.982
102.561
174.502
140.366
2778.1041524.876
120.938
266.723
1066.3451432.468
366.583
9.6749.674
243.621
972.505
366.583354.918
671.695671.6951112.871
49.133495.389495.3891066.345
203.52649.133243.621
305.11305.11
203.526
y
x
Shear diagram under gravity
173.157
222.345
127.155
31.771
78.508 2.963
44.137
46.998
318.918
43.366
12.768
335.193288.862
15.112
268.944
365.196
103.185
57.485
147.37196.272
185.928
307.53
294.505
272.016
69.76
211.733
13.359
7.06912.64
354.257
13.24
173.915
109.841
64.188
157.311
90.807
137.612
123.232
167.177
76.333
17.332
29.831
y
x
Member axial reactions under gravity
37.795C 24.5C
30.875C
23.221C
31.683C
22.713T 20.415T28.483T12.076T 8.672T
10.127C18.129C13.24C
682.125C
25.843C
19.299T
7.704C
3.693C
26.693C
142.698C
62.617C
254.571C
334.434C
224.78C
250.866C
221.723C139.88C
315.82T343.777C
341.49C
381.982C
125.292C
47.837T41.706T49.358T17.167T10.724T
7.355T
21.822C
23.766T37.426T31.442T
y
x
Summary
The design of the Heydar Aliyev Center establishes a continuous, fluid relationship between its surrounding plaza and the building’s interior. This was achieved by using an ingenious and elegant structure system, which has two collaborating systems: a concrete structure combined with a space frame system. Because vertical structural elements are absorbed by the envelope and curtain wall system, the large-scale column-free spaces can allow the visitor to experience the fluidity of the interior.
Another important issue is the building’s skin. To make the surface so continuous that it appears homogenous, a broad range of different functions, construction logics and technical systems were brought together and integrated into the building’s envelope. It makes the building appear homogenous since different parts were covered and connected.
From this case, by analyzing the structural system and its relation with the exterior skin, we have seen how the structure design can better help the design concept come true.
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