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HEMIPLEGIA IN
CHILDHOOD
DR ANNE KELLY
Leeds Hemihelp Meeting
1st July 2017
HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL
PALSY (HCP)
Questions to be answered
What is meant by the term hemiplegia or HCP ?
How will it affect my child?
What causes it?
How is it diagnosed?
Are there other hidden ways it may affect my
child?
What treatments are available
What might the future hold as regards treatments
HEMIPLEGIC CP
HCP forms part of
the spectrum of
the group of
conditions known
as cerebral palsy
It has a
recognisable
collection of
signs
HOW IS CEREBRAL PALSY DEFINED?
CP is a group of conditions in which the development of movement and posture is
impaired
It is permanent but not unchanging as child is growing and brain continues to develop
Caused by a non-progressive disturbance to the developing foetal or infant brain (up to age of 2)Often accompanied by other potential problems affecting learning, vision, sensation, behaviour, epilepsy
It is a spectrum of disability
No two affected children exactly alike
CURRENT TERMINOLOGY
1. Define type of CP e.g. spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic
2. Part of body affected
e.g. Hemiplegia- one side of body affected due to damage to opposite side of brain
Doesn’t tell you about what caused the damage but other info helps
3. Back ground – prematurity; neonatal seizures
4. MRI findings
5. Functional classification : GMFCS, MACS
EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT
OF HCP
Motor development affected
• Gross motor function- big movements e.g. crawling, walking
• Balance and co ordination is impaired
• Fine motor function- small movements with hands e.g. manipulation, release of objects
Communication (if dominant left hemisphere involved)
Learning ability (Cognition)
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 8
OTHER POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON
HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT
Epilepsy- focal and generalised seizures
Visual problems- affecting visual fields- e.g.
hemianopia (vision poorer on 1 side)
Sensory problems- ignoring affected side –
inattention to limb can give rise to contracture
Emotional and behavioural difficulties
UNILATERAL SPASTIC CP
(HEMIPLEGIC CP)
Commonest type of CP (25-40% of all cases)
Antenatal cause in 75% cases,10% post natal
Involvement of arm and leg on one side
(arm >leg) Least motor disabling type of CP
Growth on affected side is poorer
Often a “silent” interval before symptoms noted at 4-9 months of age
67% are diagnosed by 18/12.
> 50% affected children walk at average age
PRESENTATION OF HCP
Parent usually first to suspect
• Non use of one hand (hand dominance before 2 years is usually abnormal)
• Hand is fisted. Goes up on toes on affected side
• Ignoring affected side
• Floppy or stiff limb
• Delay in acquiring motor milestone e.g. crawling, grasping a toy
ALTERNATIVE PRESENTATION OF
HCP- AFTER PERI NEONATAL STROKE
Stroke is commonest cause of HCP
May be diagnosed after neonatal seizures (fits), often
focal or encephalopathy (depressed conscious level)
Early neuroimaging – cerebral USS and/or MRI scan
may reveal unilateral haemorrhage on side opposite to
abnormal signs
Recognition enables therapy to start whilst on NICU
Follow up – may require repeat imaging and clinically
reassess
DIAGNOSIS OF SPASTIC CP
Spastic CP must have 2 of following
1. Abnormal pattern of movement and/ or posture
2. Increased tone- not necessarily all the time
3. Abnormally brisk reflexes (knee jerks)
4. Up going plantar responses
Spastic CP can be either unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral is hemiplegia
PLANTAR RESPONSES
HISTORY FROM PARENT
Often nothing worrying about pregnancy or
birth. Concerns come “out of the blue”
Or
Prematurity or term baby, stay on neonatal unit
as unwell & had head scans
History, examination and scans – all put
together to make diagnosis
COMPONENTS OF CLASSIFICATION
Assessment involves
Motor problems
• Tone ( resistance to passive movement –hyper /hypo/ variable
• Type of movement problem – spasticity• Parts of body affected
Associated problems e.g. epilepsyAnatomical & Scan findings
• Neuro radiology scan findings- helps with timingcausation & timing
• Identified cause- pre, peri or post natal
HEMIPLEGIC CP
No facial involvement (occurs in acquired hemiplegia, onset after 2 years )
Intelligence- in normal range to slightly low
Epilepsy occurs in ¼-1/3 of children with hemiplegia, often in those with learning and speech problems (often apparent by 3 yrs)
MRI scan findings: cystic cortical lesions
Visual field defects occur in 25%
Behavioural problems can be a concern
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF
HEMIPLEGIA ON ARM
•Arm turned in at shoulder
(pronated)
•Elbow bent (flexed)
•Held against side of body
(adducted)
•Wrist bent (flexed)
•Fingers bent (fisted)
•Thumb held tightly in palm
(adducted)
•Arm may look slightly smaller
CONSEQUENCES OF ARM
POSITION, WEAKNESS AND
SPASTICITY
Difficulty with 2 handed tasks ADLs - washing; dressing; feeding; toileting
Play & School work- drawing; writing; computer work; cutting; using ruler; building; playing games
PE- running; jumping; throwing and catching;
Appearance & self confidence
Independence
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF
HEMIPLEGIA ON LEG
Mobility difficulties
• Toe walking (toe heel gait) - shortening of Achilles tendon (TA) and calf muscles
• Foot turned in (equinus) or out
• Knee bent and turned in (tight hamstrings)
• Hip flexed; a limp
• Leg shortening; feels cooler; slimmer calf muscles
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF
LEG WEAKNESS AND SPASTICITY
Reduced stamina
• Tires more easily
• Complains of discomfort; spasms
Poor balance
• Needs hand rail on stairs
• Unsure on uneven surfaces
• Difficulty climbing; jumping; playing football
• Affects self confidence; inclusion by peers
• Physical appearance
MACS Manual Ability Classification Score
OTHER “HIDDEN”
PROBLEMS
Learning and attention problems may not be
apparent until child starts nursery/school
Awareness and recognition precede intervention
Shouldn’t be attributed to other causes e.g.
“naughty boy/ boys are slower”
Educational support may be needed
May be exacerbated by other difficulties –
communication difficulties, epilepsy or visual
problems
OTHER CONCERNS
Behaviour problems
Often most prominent problem (occurs in 50%)
Sudden unexplained outbursts, may be associated with
• Aggressiveness
• Hyperactivity
More likely or worse if child has
• Epilepsy
• Delayed language development
• Learning problems
INVESTIGATIONS/EVALUATION
OF CHILD WITH SUSPECTED CP
MRI scan- abnormal in 80-90% of all those scanned
Helps with finding cause and in some cases prognosis but doesn’t alter management
Clinical examination detailed history & MRI brain scan should determine cause in most cases
Done at different times depending on age child presents but usually before 2 years
PREVALENCE OF CP
2/1000 live births for all CP
Half of all those affected were born pre term (
<32 weeks or <1.5 kg)
5% acquire CP after birth
Hemiplegia is largest group within CP
Prevalence approx 1/1000
All CP more common in boys
M:F ratio= 1.33:1
CAUSES OF HEMIPLEGIA-
PERINATAL STROKE
Classified according to
1. Ischaemic (insufficient blood gets to area due
to blockage of vessel or haemorrhagic due to
breakage of vessel)
2. Blood vessel affected- either artery or vein
3. Timing of injury- before or around time of birth
( >2/3 cases in utero)
4. Timing of symptoms- at birth with seizures or
later in infancy with early hand preference
after silent period
LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SHOWING SPECIALISED AREAS OF
CORTEX
Blood supply of
important cortical
areas
HOW DO MUSCLES RECEIVE
MESSAGES FROM BRAIN
Message travels from cortex in
cortico-spinal tracts ( anterior and lateral)
Lateral tract crosses over in pyramids (lower part of brain )
Continues as upper motor neuron ( nerve) down into spinal cord
Emerges in biceps nerve in neck area
Passes to biceps muscle attached to upper arm
CROSS SECTION OF
BRAIN TO SHOW MOTOR
TRACTS
MANAGEMENT OF
MOVEMENT PROBLEMS
Physical therapy is the mainstay :
Postural care, aiding development, stretching, hydrotherapy etc.
Orthotics
Oral baclofen and other drugs
Surgery- much less frequently done
+others
STROKE INVOLVING ARTERY
(AT BIRTH AND ANTENATALLY)
STROKE INVOLVING VEINS OCCURRING
BEFORE BIRTH
ORTHOSES (SPLINTS)
Muscle doubles length by 4
Stretching is stimulus for growth of muscle
AFOs
• Restore heel toe gait
• Stabilising joint
Cumbersome
Stretch gastrocnemius
Little evidence from research
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 40
BOTULINUM TOXIN A
Inhibits acetylcholine release at
nerve ending by temporarily
blocking receptors at junction
between nerve and muscle
Muscles are relaxed as
messages from nerve to
contract muscle can’t pass
across
Botox or Dysport used
Decreases spasticity, increases
weakness
Botox also helps to reduce the
appearance of wrinkles!
BOTULINUM TOXIN A
Useful in hemiplegia to reduce spasticity in Lower limb, to reduce
• Equinus- abnormal foot down and turned in posture
• Crouch gait due to knee flexion
In upper limb, to reduce
• Elbow flexion (improve reach)
• Wrist/finger flexion (improve grasp)
• Thumb in palm position (grasp & hygiene)
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 43
BOTULINUM TOXIN A
How to give injection : use sedation
• Midazolam orally
• EMLA topically
• Gas and air to breathe in
• Give injection under ultrasound guidance or by feel/site
Review 1-2 months later
Temporary improvement maybe beneficial as can achieve goal in that time. Need to repeat 6 months later if still needed as effect wears off
Query long-term outcome
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 44
BOTULINUM TOXIN A
THERAPY
Set functional goals before starting.
Helps in lower limb with
• Standing
• Gait
• Tolerating splints
Upper limb
• Pain/spasms
• Hand function- open hand, thumb out, wrist
neutral position.
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 45
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
At around 7 – 9 years consider
TA lengthening – after Botox finished
Multi-level soft tissue release at
• Hips- not usually required in hemiplegia
• Knees
• Ankles
i.e. lots of small operations
Rehabilitation so important
Not common procedure nowadays
What is Spasticity 04.11.2005 46
OTHER TREATMENTS
HIPPOTHERAPY & LYCRA SPLINTS
A little evidence from research to support case that lycra
splints are beneficial
KINESIO OR
FUNCTIONAL TAPING
More popular
seen at 2012
Olympics
Child more aware
of taped hand so
uses it more
Child removes
tape or picks at it
Strategic Impact
Funding
Newcastle University
Web design: Brittany
Coxon
What is CIMT for children?
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy
(“CIMT” or “CI Therapy”) is a rehabilitation
program for the upper limb
CIMT involves rehabilitation of the weaker
arm while restraining the stronger arm in a
light-weight cast.
CIMT is supported by research - positively
affect not only the hand and arm, but the
brain itself through use of alternative neural
pathways
A CIMT programme is short but intensive.
Treatment is provided daily over a period of
3 to 4 weeks
Risks of over intensive treatment :
weakness; Falls
TREATMENTS FOR HCP
Botulinum injections help if combined with
therapy and specific goals set
Very little known about orthotics and
taping
Evidence for CIMT and bimanual therapy
& parent led therapy Fun Games/eTIPs
Intensive therapy ‘works’
Early identification&early intervention
could improve outcomes. How to achieve?
PARTICIPATION – FROM EARLY
YEARS TO ACHIEVE GOALS
THE 5 F WORDS IN DISABILITY !
• Function
• Fun
• Family
factors
• Friends
• Fitness
THE FUTURE
Emphasis on functional independence not correction of deformity
Holistic approach & support for families
Newer treatments/therapies- CIMT/Bimanual/ tDCS/VR/stem cells - experimental
Identify early – Neonatal MRIs & treat
Prevention of brain injury in neonates with neuro protective agents and cooling
SUMMARY
Hemiplegia is a type of cerebral palsy affecting one side of body.
It accounts for 35% of all cases of CP
Caused by vascular damage to white matter areas in brain on opposite side
Occurs most frequently in antenatal period due to blockage/ leakage from blood vessels
Asymmetry of movements noted in 1st year. Often after “silent” period
Management mainly physio, baclofen, botulinum toxin and orthotics
Newer approaches include bimanual therapy and CIMT. Parent led therapies.
Future – Earlier identification of perinatal strokes would allow earlier intervention and improved outcome due to neuroplasticity
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