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Helium and Large Scale gCryogenics in Accelerator
SciencesSciences
C H R I S T I N E D A R V E
A P R I L 1 4 T H, 2 0 1 1
F E R M I N A T I O N A L A C C E L E R A T O R L A B O R A T O R YA C C E L E R A T O R D I V I S I O N / C R Y O G E N I C S D E P A R T M E N T/
( F O R M E R P R O J E C T A S S O C I A T E @ C E R N )
Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics in Accelerator Sciencesin Accelerator Sciences
The IngredientsThe IngredientsH li Th t f iH li Th t f i Helium: The star of cryogenicsHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 yearsLiquid helium: 100 years SuperfluidSuperfluid helium helium
Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examples Accelerator examples
CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems
FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant
HeadlinesHeadlines
The IngredientsThe IngredientsH li Th t f iH li Th t f i Helium: The star of cryogenicsHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 yearsLiquid helium: 100 years SuperfluidSuperfluid helium helium
Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examplesAccelerator examples
CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems
FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant
Few milestones of interestFew milestones of interest
1868 - Astronomers Janssen and Lockyer observed Helium
1908 - Kamerling Onnes Liquefied Helium (4.2 K)
1911 K li O Di d S d i i (H )1911 - Kamerling Onnes Discovered Superconductivity (Hg)
1938 - Superfluid Helium properties by Kapitza, Allen and Misener
1949 – Landau & Tizsa introduced the two-fluid model for superfluid helium1949 Landau & Tizsa introduced the two fluid model for superfluid helium
1957 - BCS Theory
1980 - Tevatron, First Accelerator using SC Magnets, NbTi
1986 - High Temp. Superconductors (> 77 K), YBCO, BSCCO
2001 – High Temp. SC (MgB2) with High Tc (39 K)
2007 - LHC operation (Largest Cryogenics)Next ??
The different facets of heliumThe different facets of helium
3He phase diagram
Helium (25 %) is the most common element in the Universe after Hydrogen (73 %)
• Two isotopes: 3He (fermion) & 4He (boson)
4He phase diagram
He I – Newtonian fluidT < T < Tc = 5.2 K
Helium II - Quantum fluid
Exceptional heat transfer1000000
10000000
100000000
(Pa)
SolidLiquidHe I Critical point
5 195 KLambda line
Triple point1.760 K29.7 bar
p- Specific heat transition at 2.17 K - T
- Enormous heat conductivity at moderate flux (3,000 x OFHC copper at 1.9K)1000
10000
100000
Pres
sure
LiquidHe II
Vapor
5.195 K2.274 bar
Lambda point2.177 K0.050 bar
LHC operation
Tevatronoperation
1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Temperature (K)
operation
A A twotwo--fluid fluid model for model for helium helium IIIINormal-fluid fraction: - excited states atom (phonons & rotons) like a conventional viscous fluidfi it d it
Superfluid fraction: - atoms that have undergone BEC
like an ideal inviscid liquid - finite density , n- finite viscosity, - entropy, s
like an ideal inviscid liquid resulting in the absence of classical turbulence. - finite density, sNO i it
Androniskashviliexperiment
0.6
0.8
1
ized
den
sity s /
n s
- NO viscosity - carry NO entropy
irrotational behavior for an
0
0.2
0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Nor
mal
T
n /
finviscid fluid
but vortices can be generated in the superfluid component
0v s
Temperature (K)
Macroscopic quantum physic system simplificationTh t fluid m d l is nl
the superfluid component
h
Quantized vorticesThe two-fluid model is only a phenomenological model !
mhnndrvss
Counter-flow turbulence
Thermal conductivity of Thermal conductivity of helium helium IIIIHeat transport regimes at 1.9 K
334322
) (
qTs
AqTsd
Ts
nGMn
e.g. d > 1mm, q > 10mW/cm2
Thermal resistivity function
Low flux regimedT/dx ~ qL i
31
1
dTTfq
In mutual friction regime:
High flux regime
dT/dx ~ q3
Laminar
Turbulent
dxTfq
343 Ts
Af(T)s
nGM
A Gorter-Mellink mutual friction parameterTurbulent
No bulk flowHeat flux
Counter-flow mechanicsco ld e n d w arm en d
H e a te r
AGM Gorter-Mellink mutual friction parameter
s u p er -f lu id c o m p o n e n t
n o r m a l- flu id c o m p o n e n tInternal convection of the super-fluid and normal-fluid components
32
ns
nGMn
n vvs
Avsd
T
Thermo-mechanical
- fountain effect
On 8 April 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and his staff at the Leiden Cryogenic Laboratory
Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 yearswere the first to observe superconductivity.
Their initial goal: Measure metal resistance (practical & theoretical uses) accidentally: electrical resistance suddenly seemed to vanish at 4.16 K.
100 years later ….
Persistent electric current flows on the surface of the d t ti t l d th ti fi ld f th tsuperconductor, acting to exclude the magnetic field of the magnet.
Meissner effect
Cryogenic applications Cryogenic applications -- SuperconductorsSuperconductors
Superconductor (SC)e.g. :
Power
SC RF Cavity SC Magnet
SC wirejunction
Transmission
Current Lead
Particle Accelerator
Magnetic levitation
MRI
junction Current Lead
SQUIDAccelerator levitation train
Anomalous transport properties used to cool high field superconducting Anomalous transport properties used to cool high-field superconducting magnets and RF cavities
Why do we need accelerators ?Why do we need accelerators ?
Discovery science: e.g. High Energy Physics
Today: > 30,000 accelerators are in operation around the world
FNAL:
• 1900 employees• 2300 users (~1/2 from
(courtesy of Young-Kee Kee)
SLS
2300 users ( 1/2 from abroad)• 6800 acres, park-like site
X-ray scanning
SLS• Materials research / manufacturing: e.g. light source, spallation source
X ray scanning
iThemba LABS• National security
• Medical Applications: e.g. Neutron and Proton TherapiesMRI and NMR
Many generations of acceleratorsMany generations of accelerators
Each generation built on the accomplishments of the previous ones
>1930
>1980 -Tevatron @ Fermilab980 GeV
p praising the level of technology ever higher
Ernest Lawrence
(1901 - 1958) Livingston’sdiagram
>2008 - LHC @ CERN7-14 TeV
80 keV
HeadlinesHeadlines
The IngredientsThe IngredientsH li Th t f iH li Th t f i Helium: The star of cryogenicsHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 yearsLiquid helium: 100 years SuperfluidSuperfluid helium helium
Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examplesAccelerator examples
CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnet systemsmagnet systems
FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era
CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider
Searching for the Higgs boson !
data : 20 km of CDs stacked per year
General architecture of the cryogenic systemGeneral architecture of the cryogenic system
3300 m3300 m
Key technologies of the LHC acceleratorKey technologies of the LHC accelerator
Superconducting magnets 1,250 ton of NbTi superconducting materials 7,600 km of superconducting “Rutherford” cablesp g 9,600 magnets (incl.1,232 dipoles, 392 quadruples)
Superfluid helium cryogenics (< 2 K) and vacuum techniques Pressurized and saturated superfluid helium in two-phase flow Pressurized and saturated superfluid helium, in two-phase flow Cryostats and thermal insulation Efficient and large capacity helium refrigerators Cryogen storage and management (150 ton of helium)
Two Phase He IIheat exchanger
Pressurized He II bath containing magnet
The Large The Large HadronHadron Collider acceleratorCollider acceleratorInnerCable
OuterCable
Number of strands 28 36
7,600 km of cable made of 270,000 km of strand (6 earth circumferences) filaments : 6 times back and forth to
Strand diameter 1.065 mm 0.825 mm
Filament diameter 7 µm 6 µm
Number of filaments ~ 8900 ~ 6520
C bl idth
the Sun + 150 trips to the moon
Cable width 15.1 mm 15.1 mm
Mid-thickness 1.900 mm 1.480 mm
Keystone angle 1.25 ° 0.90 °
Transposition length 115 mm 100 mmTransposition length 115 mm 100 mm
Ratio Cu/Sc ≥ 1.6 ≥ 1.9
The Large The Large HadronHadron Collider acceleratorCollider accelerator
24 km of magnets colder than the outer space
LHC tunnel crossLHC tunnel cross--sectionsection
CryoCryo--magnets interconnection @ LHC tunnelmagnets interconnection @ LHC tunnel
Splice inspection by TomographyTomography
Max splice resistance=2.8 n (Bad=220 nAdded 6500 new detectors (250 km cable)
The lowThe low-- magnet systems at the LHCmagnet systems at the LHC
Inner Triplet for final beam
Critical system for LHC performanceAmerican contribution to the LHC machine
IP5Q=Q_Arc x 10
Inner Triplet for final beam focusing/defocusing
American contribution to the LHC machine
+ D1
21 21
IP1
Underground views : 80-120 m below ground levelFor lowFor low--luminosity points:luminosity points:
Experimental HallLooking toward IP
The lowThe low-- magnet system safety magnet system safety specificationspecificationDesign and operation requirements: Critical system for LHC performance, but the system operation and maintenance should
remain safe for personnel and for equipment,e.g. escape path, absorbed radiation dose, embrittlement, polymer prop. decay.
Equipment, instrumentation and design shall comply with the CERN requirements,
Risks identified: Mechanical, electrical, cryogenics, radiologicale.g. ES&H, LHC functional systems, Integration
Cryogenic risk FMEA, Use the Maximum Credible Incident (MCI)
Radiological Use materials resistant to the radiation rate permitting an estimated machine lifetime, even in the hottest spots, exceeding 7 years of operation at the mach n f t m , n n th hott st spots, c ng 7 y ars of op rat on at th baseline luminosity of 1034cm-2s-1.
Personnel safety: Keep residual dose rates on the component outer surfaces of the cryostats below 0.1 mSv/hr.
Apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).
Radiological risk Radiological risk ((By courtesy of N. By courtesy of N. MokhovMokhov))IR5 i th ll d IR5 azimuthally averaged power
distribution
Radial distribution of azimuthally averaged dose (Gy/yr)g y y
Magnet quench limit quench limit =1.6 mW/g
For comparison : Arc magnet ~ 1 Gy/yr
Radiological risk mitigationRadiological risk mitigation
LHC operation annual radiation dose for the arcmagnet and for the CMS/ATLAS low- regions are 1
d 1000 G ti land 1000 Gy, respectively
No easy repair when inherent radiation ! Instrum & equipment: radHard
Beam-induced energy deposition: Instrum. & equipment: radHard Use of redundancy
Specific hazard analysis is requested before
Quadruple quench limit ~1.6 mW/g
ppersonnel intervention Radiological survey is systematical performed prior intervention (< 1mSv/hr)4
h l Limit the personnel exposition time(individual and collective radiation doses) Radio-Protection Procedures to be written b d l l d d th i tit t
Averaged over surface residual dose rate (mSv/hr) on the Q1 side (z=2125 cm, bottom) of the TAS vs irradiation and cooling times. By courtesy of N. Mokhov
based on lessons learned and other institutes experiences
Type of instrumentation : Type of instrumentation : cryocryo--magnetsmagnetsRL
e w
ith
QR
Inte
rfac
exx
9xx
I xst
em
EH8xx: cryo-electrical heaters
w-be
ta s
ys8x
x
EH8xx: cryo electrical heaters
Low
xx8
CV8xx: control valveElectrical feedElectrical feed--boxesboxes
LT8xx: liquid helium level gauge(based on superconducting wire)
*HTS leads*Vapor cooled leads
LHC Hardware CommissioningLHC Hardware Commissioning
Data flow & LHC Logging Cryogenics DataData flow & LHC Logging Cryogenics Data
LHC LHC LoggingLogging
PLC TimeStamp
Cryo Instrumentation Engineers Cryo
Operation
Courtesy of E. Blanco
PLC, FEC: NTP synchronization
ArchiveArchive
p[~1500 ms worst case]
FEC TimeStamp[200 ms]
(3) DB ARCH(3) DB ARCH
~ 10 s
CRYO SCADA
Worst case:~ 1500 ms
CIETDriverDriver
(2) DB DRIVER SCADA(2) DB DRIVER SCADA(Impact Data Server Load)
(3) DB ARCH(3) DB ARCH
CMWCMW
TSPPTSPP
Controller
PLCPLC
FECFEC500 ms
1500 ms
1 sTT, PT, LT, DI, EHAI
LTen, EHsp
(1) DB FEC(1) DB FEC(1) DB PLC(1) DB PLC
CMWCMW
IEPLCIEPLC
500
FilterAVG AVG --> noise> noise
Filter
PROFIBUS PA
WFIP
RadTol electronics
DI DO
PROFIBUS DP ~ 500 msMED MED --> spikes > spikes
SpecsDB
TT, PT, LT, DI, EH
CVDI,DO
TT,PT: ~1sLT: 10sEH: ~500 ms
MTFCard correction
DB layoutNoise correction
MTF MTF -- Equipment management folderEquipment management folder
Automated recording and manual data entry:manual data entry:
Provides data for analysis tools
Breakdown structure for data
Cryogenic system architecture Cryogenic system architecture
18 kW @ 4.5 K 18 kW @ 4.5 K helium helium refrigeratorsrefrigeratorshelium helium refrigeratorsrefrigerators
33 kW @ 50 K to 75 K
23 kW @ 4.6 K to 20 K
IHI - Linde
41 g/s liquefaction
Linde
3’000 mC t id 1st t 3 000 m
Air Liquide2.4 2.4 kW @ kW @ 1.9 1.9 K refrigeration K refrigeration unitsunits(AL IHI(AL IHI LindeLinde))
Cartridge 1st stage
(AL, IHI(AL, IHI--LindeLinde))Cold compressor key technology Cold compressor key technology
HeadlinesHeadlines
The IngredientsThe IngredientsH li Th t f iH li Th t f i Helium: The star of cryogenicsHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 yearsLiquid helium: 100 years SuperfluidSuperfluid helium helium
Superconductivity:100 yearsSuperconductivity:100 years Accelerator examples Accelerator examples
CERN and the Large CERN and the Large HadronHadron ColliderCollider The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The LHC accelerator The lowThe low-- magnets systemsmagnets systems Cryogenic facilitiesCryogenic facilities
FermilabFermilab Accelerator SciencesAccelerator Sciences The The TevatronTevatron and its and its cryocryo--plantplant New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and era
FermilabFermilab -- New areas and eraNew areas and era“Three frontiers of research in particle physics form an interlocking framework that addresses fundamental questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.
•The Energy Frontier, using high-energy colliders to discover new particles anddirectly probe the architecture of the fundamental forces.
• The Intensity Frontier, using intense particle beams to uncover properties ofneutrinos and observe rare processes that will tell us about new physics beyondthe Standard Model.
• The Cosmic Frontier, using underground experiments and telescopes, bothground and space based, to reveal the natures of dark matter and dark energyand using high-energy particles from space to probe new phenomena.”
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/pdf/UsersPictureBook_022510_FINAL.pdf
The The TevatronTevatron ! ! 6.5 km of superconducting magnets
operating @ 3.6 Kelvin: +777 dipoles+216 quads
+ coils made of NbTi alloy wire+ wire size is 8 mm+11 million wire turns in a coil
+204 correction elementsResults as per April 13, 2011
+11 million wire-turns in a coil + 42,500 miles of wire per magnet
Booster
CockcrofWalton
LinacLinacCockroftCockroft--WaltonWalton Main InjectorMain Injector
Walton
TevatronTevatron RecyclerRecycler AntiprotonAntiprotonTevatronTevatron RecyclerRecycler AntiprotonAntiproton
Unified control system for the entire complex•400 MeV Linac•8 GeV Booster Synchrotron•120 GeV Main Injector Synchrotronj y•1 TeV Tevatron Synchrotron•antiproton source – target/debuncher/accumulator•antiproton “Recycler” storage ring•fixed target linesg
Simultaneous operation of•Tevatron proton-antiproton collider (storage ring)•Antiproton production and storage120 G V fi d M l b•120 GeV fixed target to Meson lab
•120 GeV fixed target to NUMI/MINOS•8 GeV fixed target to MiniBooNE
Central Helium Liquefier Central Helium Liquefier -- CHL CHL The Central Helium Liquefier consists of:
•Four parallel reciprocating 4,000 HP helium compressors (6.8 MW total power)
•Two Claude cycle cold boxes (6,400 liters/hr, peak at 9000 liters/hr)
•15 helium gas storage tanks (1,500 m3, 1.7 MPa, at RT)
•One Nitrogen Reliquefier (4,680 liters/hr)
•600,000 liters of LN2 storage
•Purification system
Cryogenics Cryogenics system for system for the the TevatronTevatron
Six sectors each composed of:p
+four 1-kW refrigerators
+four Mycom 2 stage 300 kW screw +four Mycom 2-stage 300 kW screw compressors
d7
Slide 38
d7 aging system20 000 LHe in refrigeration and 10 000 in transfer linedarve, 6/10/2007
Cryogenic Cryogenic system system for the for the TevatronTevatron
One typical cooling loop for the One typical cooling loop for the TevatronTevatron
New cryogenic areas and eraNew cryogenic areas and eraProject X on the intensity and energy frontiers:
– Intensity Frontier:NuMI NO A LBNE/mu2 P j t X NuF tNuMI NOvA LBNE/mu2e Project X NuFact
– Energy Frontier:Tevatron ILC or Muon Collider
Websites:Websites:http://projectx.fnal.govhttp://projectx-docdb.fnal.gov
New Cryogenic Areas and EraNew Cryogenic Areas and Era
Fermilab is developing a broad capability to assemble and test SRF cavities : Capture Cavity 2 (1 9 GHz) Capture Cavity 2 (1.9 GHz) 3rd harmonic (3.9 GHz) High Intensity Neutrino Source (325 MHz)
Hi h di nt it (1 3 GH ) High gradient cavity (1.3 GHz)
HINS: Field vs. time as measured by a field probe and
Vertical Test Stand Horizontal Test Stand
measured by a field probe and the LLRF system in LabView.
Peak surface magnetic field ~155 mT
Cavity state Bare “dressed”
Power coupler Axial coupler Side coupler
RF power Low power, CW High power, pulsed
d d kTurnaround ~2 day ~2 week
Raison d’êtreTesting cavity surface
treatmentTesting cavity handling,
accessories
SRF Cavities SRF Cavities –– Work Flow Work Flow
Test Facilities for Test Facilities for SRF R&DSRF R&DCTF
Cryogenic Test Facility – CTF• Three (3) Tevatron satellite refrigerator
systems(STAR)
• Four (4) Mycom compressors
• Purifier system, compressor
T f li f CTF t MDB
MDB
Meson Detector Building MDB
• Transfer line from CTF to MDB
• Storage tanks and buffer DewarsTD MP9 Assembly area & Clean Room
Meson Detector Building - MDB• Test areas: HTS, HINS, etc..
• 2 K operation using a vacuum pump capable of 10 g/sec @1 8 K capable of 10 g/sec @1.8 K
New Muon Lab – NMLCryoplant for 1.8 K operation
NML
AD Cryo Dept.
y p f p• Test area for RF units
Meson Detector Building Meson Detector Building -- LayoutLayout
HINS R&DHTS
HTS2HTS2
Vacuum Pump
CTF
HINSCC2
HTS
Synoptic /ACNET controlSynoptic /ACNET control
Cryogenic distribution line and Vacuum SystemCryogenic distribution line and Vacuum SystemExpansion box and bayonet cans Vacuum pump modification
Pi i b VP d A V P b Ri Piping between VP and test Areas Vacuum Pump: booster +Ring pump
Cryogenic Test FacilityCryogenic Test FacilityThree Refrigerator Systems (STAR) Three Heat Exchangers (STAR)
Four Mycom CompressorsDewar+heaterControl Room
RF for RF for HINS and HINS and HTSHTSRF controls:. Klystrons: 1.3 and 3.9 GHz; 1.5ms@5Hz Fast phase shifter control (100 kHz)Fast phase shifter control (100 kHz)
Development system in the LLRF test lab
CW (650 MH ) C i i i CW system (650 MHz) – Commissioning in progress
New New MuonMuon Lab (NMLLab (NML))
C tl 2 T t t l f i tCurrently, 2 Tevatron style refrigerators2 CryoModules
Future, add new cryo-plant6 C M d l6 CryoModules
November 19th, 2010@ 1.9 K
Other FNAL test area using He capacity Other FNAL test area using He capacity -- MTAMTAM
Mission Mission for 18 institutions from US, Europe and Japanfor 18 institutions from US, Europe and Japan Design, prototype and bench test all cooling-channel components (RF, LH2
absorber etc )
MuonCollaboration
absorber,etc.) Dev.of intense ionization beam (400 MeV beam up to 2.4x1014 p/s: 570 W in
35-cm LH2 absorber)
Absorbers (LH2)•Convection scheme - MICEF d fl h
Provide 14K and LHe
li
FNAL FNAL cryocryo::
•Forced-flow scheme -MuCool•High Pressure Hydrogen gas
cooling
LH2bs rb r RF cavities
201 MHz 805 MHz for design concept
absorber SC magnet RF cavity
Solenoid magnet4 Tesla
ConclusionConclusion
After his success in liquefying helium, and in discovering the phenomena of superconductivity 100 years ago Onnes opened the phenomena of superconductivity, 100 years ago, Onnes opened the doors to amazing scientific fields.
Here we are now … defeating new scientific frontiers using large scale f g f f g gtools (accelerators) and making use of tones of superconductor and superfluid helium.
The Tevatron has celebrated its 25th birthday in 2010.
The LHC has started its race towards unprecedented energy p gyfrontiers.
New projects will permit to drive our unlimited scientific appétit towards new discoveries towards new discoveries..
Extra slides
Cryogen management (helium, nitrogen)Cryogen management (helium, nitrogen)
Courtesy of Laurent Tavian
Cryogen storage
Courtesy of Laurent Tavian
Cooling capacity at CERNCooling capacity at CERN
Courtesy of Philippe Lebrun
LHC accelerator @ helium temperatureLHC accelerator @ helium temperature
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