heat
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Heat• Objectives
– Be able to distinguish between heat and temperature
– Be able to explain thermal equilibrium
– Identify the three ways heat can be transferred
– Understand specific heat and latent heat
What is Temperature?
Temperature is our measurement of the average kinetic energy found in the random motions and vibrations of countless atoms and molecules.
Temperature is a way of quantifying the kineticenergy of these atoms and molecules.
Temperature is Energy.
Maxwell-Boltzman Velocity Distribution
Higher temperatures
mean higher
velocities for
atoms and
molecules
Heat TransferThree Modes of Heat Transfer
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
RadiationEnergy transport via electromagnetic waves
ConvectionEnergy transport by mass motion
ConductionEnergy transport by vibrational translation
The jostling of atoms andmolecules in close proximityin a solid, especially one withhigh conductivity.
Specific Heat• Q = m c T Q = HEAT ENERGY
m = mass
T = Temperature difference
c = specific heat responsible for the thermal
properties of the substance
(Joules/kg/Celsius)
T = Q/mc
Specific Heat T = Q/mc
For a given amount of heat energy, say 10,000 Joules,
what is the temperature change for 1 kg of water and
1 kg of sand?
Csand = 838 J/kgoC
Cwater = 4186 J/kgoC
Tsand = 10,000/1(838) = 11.9 oC
Twater = 10,000/1(4186) = 2.4 oC
Heat Energy
Changes of StateEnergy Increased and Absorbed by Substance:
• SOLID to LIQUID Melting
• LIQUID to GAS Boiling
• SOLID to GAS Sublimation
Energy Decreased and Released by Substance:
• GAS to SOLID Deposition
• GAS to LIQUID Condensation
• LIQUID to SOLID Freezing
Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat Energy required to convert solid to liquid Lf
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Heat Energy required toconvert liquid to gas.Lv
Melting T = Q/mc
Amount of heat energy needed to bring a 25 g ice
block to a temperature of 50oC?
Starting Temp = 0oC
Ending Temp = 50oC
Q = heat needed to make transition from ice to water
+ heat needed to heat water from 0 to 50 oC
Q = mLf + mcT
Melting Ice Q = m Lf + m c T
Q = heat needed to make transition from ice to water
+ heat needed to heat water from 0 to 50 oC
= 80 cal/g*(25 g)*(4.186 J/1000 Cal)
+ 25 g *4.186 J/goC *(50-0 oC)
= 8.37 J + 5230 J
= 5238.4 J
Temperature ConversionsCELCIUS
C = 5/9 (F-32)
FAHRENHEIT
F = (9/5 C) + 32
ABSOLUTE or KELVIN
K = C + 273
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