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Health inequalities, sustainability and inclusion: an agenda for statistics
Giuseppe Costa Università di Torino
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Income in the 2008 in Torino
Fonte: Studio Longitudinale
Torinese
Health expectancy at birth in Torino in the 2000’s
Income in the 2008 in Torino
Mortality by education among males in Italy 2000-2007
Marinacci et al, 2011
Self assessed health (prevalence of bad and very bad) by educationITALIAN MALES 25-84 YEARS
Elaborazione a cura del Servizio di Epidemiologia ASLTO3 su dati ISTAT, indagine multiscopo sulla salute 2013
FIRST DETERMINANT OF HEALTH VARIATION EVERY WHEN IT IS MEASURED
EVERY CONTEXT
ETHEROGENEITY IN SIZE
DUE TO POVERTY OF INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES (EDUCATION, CLASS, INCOME)
GRADIENT
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
ALWAYS IN FAVOUR OF THE MORE ADVANTAGED
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
DEMAND
CONTROL
REWARD
SUPPORT
DEMAND
CONTROL
REWARD
SUPPORT
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
RISK FACTORS
STRESS
D ’Errico et al., 2011 Elaborazioni su campione di occupati iscritti alla CGIL in Provincia di Torino
Job strain in male workforce in Torino
RISK FACTORS
LIFESTYLES
FONTE: PASSI 2010-2012 / Da: Costa G., Bassi M., Gensini G.F., Marra M., Nicelli A.L., Zengarini N.(2014) L ’equità nella salute in Italia. Secondo rapporto sulle disuguaglianze sociali in sanità. Fondazione Smith Kline e Franco Angeli, Milano.
Smokers in ItalyMales 2010-2012
Low education High education
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
Low education High education
Overweight in ItalyFemales 2010-2012
RISK FACTORS
ENVIRONMENT
Fonte: FORASTIERE ET AL. 2011
Population (%) living close to a waste disposal by area deprivation of residence, Italy 2001
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
RISK FACTORS
BARRIERS TO CARE
Elaborazioni su dati dello Studio Longitudinale Torinese – Servizio Sovrazonale di Epidemiologia ASL TO3
Acute coronary disease In Torino, 2009
Coronary revascularization In Torino, 2009
-
+
-
+
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
RISK FACTORS
STRESS
LYFESTILES
ENVIRONMENT
BARRIERS TO CARE DISEASE
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Fonte: Elaborazione Servizio di Epidemiologia ASLTO3 su dati ISTAT, indagine multiscopo sulla salute 2005 e 2013
UNEMPLOYMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH IN ITALY, 2013
Cases attributable to unemployment every year
388.545Economic interventions against
risk of poverty among unemployed
minus 80.185RISK FACTORSSTRESS
LIFESTYLESENVIRONMENT
BARRIERS TO CARE
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
DISEASE minus 257.497
Back to unemploymnent rates pre-crisis
Pacelli et al. 2014
POPULATION COVERAGE IN BREAST CANCER SCREENING IN EMILIA ROMAGNA
1997-2000
% of cases diagnosed too late
% of survivors at 5 years after diagnosisi
2001-2003
RISK FACTORSSTRESS
LIFESTYLESENVIRONMENTBARRIERS TO
CARE
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
DISEASE
Costa et al., elaborazioni su dati dello Studio Longitudinale Torinese – Servizio Sovrazonale di Epidemiologia ASL TO3
Differences in life expectancy at 65 anni by social class
- +
RISK FACTORSSTRESS
LIFESTYLESENVIRONMENT
BARRIERS TO CARE
SOCIAL POSITION= LIFE CONTROL
DISEASE
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Marra e Zengarini, 2012
Death “attributable to educational inequalities explained by educational inequalities in
measurable risk factors. Turin 2000’s
Priority setting among the male population in Turin
Diabetes
BMISocial support
Physical Activity
Activity status
Fruit&Veg
Occupational class
Smoking
0
10
20
30
40
0 50 100 150 200 250
Avoidable deaths by eliminating the impact of a specific risk factor among all the population
Avo
idab
le d
eath
s b
y el
imin
atin
g
soci
al i
neq
ual
itie
s in
th
e ex
po
sure
to
a
spec
ific
ris
k fa
cto
r
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Lith
ua
nia
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Tu
sca
ny
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
Bru
sse
ls
Ba
rce
lon
a
Sco
tlan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
No
rwa
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rin
Sw
ed
en
Au
stri
a
Ba
squ
e
Fin
lan
d
Ma
dri
d
De
nm
ark
En
gla
nd
/W
De
ath
s a
ttri
bu
tab
le t
o h
ea
lth
ine
qu
alit
ies
Explained Not explained
45,7%
Marra e Zengarini, 2012
Death “attributable to educational inequalities explained and not explained by educational
inequalities in measurable risk factors
Which the impact of CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS AND OTHER RISK FACTORS in the remaining 54%?
HPA-axis dysregulation
Inflammatoryprocesses
Neural function/structure
Epigenetic mechanisms
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES
BEHAVIORAL EXPOSURES
PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPOSURES
OUTER LAYER: DETERMINANTS
MIDDLE LAYER: RISK FACTORS
INNER LAYER: BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS
HEALTHY AGEING
Life
-cou
rse
SES
Impact of individual deprivation on mortality*
Impact of area deprivation on mortality**
+ 70%
+ 5% + 7% + 14% + 1%
*low education **composite deprivation index
RESULTSNPE: Italy
Facts
Explanations
SolutionsResponsibilities
www.disuguaglianzedisalute.it
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
The WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) – Overarching recommendations
Improve the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
Tackle the Inequitable Distribution of Power, Money, and Resources
Measure and Understand the Problem, Evaluate Action, Expand the Knowledge
Base, Develop the Work Force
Country clusters by level of
policy response
•Cluster 1: Relatively positive and active response to health inequalities.
– At least one national response to HIs or comprehensive regional HI policy responses.
•Cluster 2: Variable response to health inequalities.
– No explicit national policy on HIs, but at least one explicit regional response or a number of other policies with some focus on health inequalities.
•Cluster 3: Relatively undeveloped response to health inequalities.
– No focused national or regional responses to health inequalities, no explicit health inequality reduction targets (though there may be targeted actions on the social determinants of health).
INMP project’stakeholders
National Health System
Social and economic
workforce and representatives
Civil society
Media
Ministries (non health)
Global health
Migrants Cooperation
PRP
Monitoring
Colleges
Clinical
governance
Economy Labour
OOSS
EnterprisesVolunteers associations
Scientific
societies
Many community of practices arising… at least one health equity audit
exercise for each by the end of 2015
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Monitoring health and social determinants of health across the lifecourse
• Health and health care measurements by socioeconomic position, sex, geographical distribution
• Early years– An indicator of early child development at age 5• Youth• Proportion of young people not in education/ training or
employment • An adult poverty measure• A measure of social isolation and/or poverty at older ages
Marmot, Lancet 2013
Education Employment Material resources
Family support
Contextual
characteristics
Measuring SES in the 2011 census
Educational credentials
Employment status
Occupational position *
Marital status
Household typology
Housing tenure *
Deprivation index
* available only in the 2011 sample based census
Knoledge gaps in indicators: the precariousness
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+
%
2000 2005 2013
At least one type of functional limitation* by age
2.5 years post- ponement
*difficulty in movement, difficulty in communication (views, heard, word), limitation of ambulation, difficulties in the functions of everyday life
National Health Interview Survey, 2000-2005-2013 - Italy
Compression of functional limitation?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+
%
adequates
not adequates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+
%
adequates
not adequates
2000 2005
2013
At least one type of functional limitation by economic resources
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+
%
adequates
not adequates
National Health Interview Survey, 2000-2005-2013 - Italy
Larger for the more advantaged?
Mortality rate ratios (1971-2007) by education level for the cohort of men in Turin 50-59 at 1971, without frailty and with frailty (unobserved etherogeneity).
Zarulli et al, BMJopen 2013
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Confronto tra grandezza delle disuguaglianze di salute e politiche di contrasto
ES
IT
NL
Eng
SW
AT
DKBE
NO
FISc
LT
FR
EEHU
PL
CZ
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%
Peso delle disuguaglianze sul totale della mortalità maschile
Live
llo d
i ava
nzam
ento
svi
lupp
o po
litich
e di
con
tras
to
Marra and Zengarini in Eikemo T et al, 2012http://www.euro-gbd-se.eu/fileadmin/euro-gbd-se/public-files/EURO-GBD-SE_Final_report.pdf
% of mortality explained by educational inequalities
Relative importance of the size of health inequalities matters?
Ad
van
cem
ent
in t
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
act
ion
s to
red
uce
hea
lth
in
equ
ali
ties
Multiple Factors, Competing Agendas and Diverse Interest Groups
Focus on the Co-Production of Results
Benefits for health
Benefits for other sectors
Benefits for societal goals
Equity & Health Equity as common measures of public policy performance
Benessere Equo e Sostenibile Wellbeing Equitable and Sustainable
Multidimensional aspects of quality of life, including health
Focus on distribution of wellbeing: including inequalities
Guarantee for next generations
Key domains for the Italian BES
The individual sphere
The context
Benessere Equo e Sostenibile Wellbeing Equitable and Sustainable
How to summarize the indicators of the health domain? Healthy ageing is the strongest component
Any avoidable inequality in the wellbeing and in its determinants (geographical, social, ethnic…)
Benessere Equo e Sostenibile Wellbeing Equitable and Sustainable
About mechanisms…
Environment (physical and social)
Education
Health care
Services
Landscape culture
Innovation
Economic growth
Politics
Labour
Istitutions
Health
Risk factors
Resources
Participation/cohesion
Inclusion
Austerity
Rationing Less welfare
Lower environmental impactLower pressure
Putting the BES indicators into the scene of the crisis
Athens, December 5, 2013
Do health inequalities (HIs) matter for a sustainable and inclusive development?
Challenges for statistics.
-About health inequalities- Facts- Mechanims- Solutions- Knowledge gaps
-Policy implications: the role of evidence -Challenges for statistics:
- Data, design, validity- The contribution of BES
Prevalence of stunting by family income and year of survey: Brazil
Victora et al 2011, Monteiro et al 2010
Under five mortality per 1000 live births by mother’s education: Peru 2000 and 2012
(U5M for the ten years preceding the survey) Source: measuredhs.com
Teheran, January 2006
• Meeting with ayatollah Khamenei
”Serious mental health problems as a result of the war with Iraq”
- War and conflict no 1 public health problem in EMRA region
-Opportunity to connect to the international Red cross/Red crescent movement
Priorities agreed by 65 Health and Well-being Boards – Local Government England
Kings Fund 2013
5 7 9
2328
49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Prevention Inequality Ageing Mentalhealth
Unhealthybehaviours
MarmotPrinciples
1985 2005
employeesRL – RL
1985 2005
Artigiani - Commercianti
1996 2006
Parasubordinati
self employed
precarious work
WHIP
1994 2007
Work injuries and occ. dis.
INAIL
2001 2008
Hospitalization
Health ministry
ISTAT 1999 2011Causes of death
Longitudinal studies: WHIP HEALTH, 8% sample of the Italian workforce
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