health and illness

III. Health and Illness:1.Recall concepts learned about man as an individual and as a member of the family2.Define Health. Wellness and Illness3.Explain the dimensions of wellness4.Discuss the Health-Illness Continuum5.Enumerate the stages of wellness and Illness6.Describe the three levels of Prevention

Basic Interventions to Maintain1.Healthy lifestyle,2.Oxygenation3.Fluid and electrolyte balance4.Nutrition5.Elimination6.Temperature regulation7.Mobility and exercise8.Hygiene and comfort, 9.Safety, security and privacy 10.Psychosocial and Spiritual Concerns

1. Meeting needs related to death and dying/grief and grieving

2. Concept of death and dying/grief and grieving

3. Care of the terminally ill patients and their families

4. Post mortem care

NURSING AS AN ART1.Definition of Arts2.Why is nursing an art?3.Concepts related to the art of nursing4.Self-awareness/concept (Who am I?) 5.Self enhancement (How do I become a better person?)6.Caring : An Integral Component of Nursing7.Nursing – Client relationship8.Therapeutic communication9.Focus of nursing

World Health Organization Health is the complete

physical, mental, social (totality) well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Health is individually defined by each person

On a personal level, individuals define health according to how they feel absence or presence of symptoms of illness

and ability to carry out activities

Objective pathologic processPathologic change in the

structure or function of the mind and body

Alteration in body functionA reduction of capacities or a

shortening of life span

Highly subjective feeling of being sick or ill

How the person feels towards sickness

Concerns the Nurse

the presence of symptoms the perception of how they feel

their ability to carry out daily activities

Acute Illness• Characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short duration• Symptoms often appear abruptly, subside quickly • May or may not require intervention by health care professionals• Most people return to normal level of wellness

Chronic Illness• Lasts for an extended period (6 months or longer)• Usually has a slow onset• Often have periods of remissions (symptoms disappear) and exacerbations (symptoms reappear)• Care includes promoting independence, sense of control, and wellness• Learn how to live with physical limitations and discomfort

1. Clients are not held responsible for their condition

2. Clients are not excused from certain social roles and tasks

3. Clients are obligated to try to get well as quickly as possible

4. Clients or their families are obligated to seek competent help

1. Stage 1: Symptom Experience Client realizes there is a problem Client responds emotionally

2. Stage 2: Sick Role Assumption Self-medication / Self-treatment Communication to others

3. Stage 3: Medication Care contact Seeks advice of a health professional

4. Stage 4: Assuming a Dependent Role Accepts the diagnosis Follows prescribed treatment

5. Stage 5: Recovery and rehabilitation Gives up the dependent role and

assumes normal activities and responsibilities

3. Stage 3: Medical care contact– Seeks advice of a health professional to: • Validate real illness• Explain illness in understandable terms• Get reassurance (may accept or deny diagnosis) 4. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation

Gives up the dependent role and assumes normal activities and responsibilities

On the client Behavioral and emotional changes Loss of autonomy (autonomy is the state of being

independent and self-directed without outside control) Self-concept and body image changes Lifestyle changes (lifestyle is a general way of living

based on the interplay between living condition in the wide sense and

individual pattern of behaviour as determined by socio-cultural factors and personal

characteristic) Privacy is usually affected (privacy is described as

comfortable feeling reflecting a deserved degree of social retreat or freedom from

authorized intrusion)

On the FamilyDepends on: – Member of the family who is ill– Seriousness and length of the illness– Cultural and social customs the

family follows

1. explanations about adjustments2. arrangements to accommodate lifestyle3. encourage health professionals to become aware of changes and give support4. reinforce desirable changes in practice

Illness without disease is possible

Disease without illness is possible

State of well-being– Subjective perception of vitality and feeling well– Described objectively, experienced, measured– Can be plotted on a continuum

Basic aspects include: – Self-responsibility – An ultimate goal– A dynamic, growing process– Daily decision-making in areas related to health– Whole being of the individual

1. Clinical Model• Provides the narrowest interpretation of health• People viewed as physiologic systems • Health identified by the absence of signs and symptoms or injury• State of not being “sick”• Opposite of health is disease or injury

2. Role Performance Model • Ability to fulfill societal roles• Healthy even if clinically ill if roles fulfilled• Sickness is the inability to perform one’s role

3. Adaptive Model • Creative process• Disease is a failure in adaptation or • Extreme good health is flexible adap• Focus is stability• Element of growth and change

4. Eudemonistic Model • Comprehensive view of health• Condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential• Illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization

also called ecologic agent ,used in predicting illness rather than promoting wellness

has 3 dynamic interactive elementsEach factor constantly interacts

with the otheWhen in balance, health is maintained

When not in balance, disease occurs

Dunn’s high level wellness grid

Travis’s illness – wellness continuum

Health Belief modelHealth locus of control model

Measure person’s perceived level of wellness

Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health continuum

Move back and forth within this continuum day by day

Wide ranges of health or illness

Factors Affecting Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices • Internal variables (Internal LOC)• External variables (External LOC)

• Biologic dimension (genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level)• Psychologic dimension (mind-body interactions and self-concept)• Cognitive dimension (intellectual factors include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs)

Physical environmentStandards of livingFamily and cultural beliefsSocial support networks

• Client motivation• Degree of lifestyle change necessary• Perceived severity of problem• Value placed on reducing the threat of illness• Difficulty in understanding and performing specific behaviors• Degree of inconvenience of the illness itself or of the regimens• Complexity, side effects, and duration of the proposed therapy• Specific cultural heritage that may make adherence difficult• Degree of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship with the health care providers• Overall cost of prescribed therapy