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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 14 “From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
The formation of the modern state
Why did humans first begin to form large, complex societies a few thousand years ago?
Four categories
Four categories
Summary of the many different kinds of societies in human history
Four categories
Summary of the many different kinds of societies in human history
A sense of the large-scale changes in government over time
B___
T____
C_______
S____
Band
T____
C_______
S____
Band
Tribe
C_______
S____
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
S____
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
State
Band
Band
Band
- Dozens of _______ people and no complex bureaucracy
Band
- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy
Band
- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy
- People don’t specialize in any single activity or job
Band
- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy
- People don’t specialize in any single activity or job
- Everybody h____ or forages for food
Band
- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy
- People don’t specialize in any single activity or job
- Everybody hunts or forages for food
Band
- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy
- People don’t specialize in any single activity or job
- Everybody hunts or forages for food
- No classes
Tribe
Tribe
Tribe
- _________ of members
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally
- Has leaders and rulers
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally
- Has leaders and rulers
BUT
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally
- Has leaders and rulers
BUT
family and __________ structure is more important
Tribe
- Hundreds of members
- Live in one fixed place
- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)
- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally
- Has leaders and rulers
BUT
family and community structure is more important
Chiefdom
Chiefdom
- __________ of people
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary _____ (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Many different classes in society: artisans, hunters, etc.
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Many different classes in society: artisans, hunters, etc.
- In return for the chief’s leadership the people give gifts, food, obedience (従順さ, 服従), respect and …
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Many different classes in society: artisans, hunters, etc.
- In return for the chief’s leadership the people give gifts, food, obedience (従順さ, 服従), respect and …
m____
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
- Thousands of people
- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence
- Many different classes in society: artisans, hunters, etc.
- In return for the chief’s leadership the people give gifts, food, obedience (従順さ, 服従), respect and …
money
- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
or
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
or
The chief’s own selfish gain …
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
or
The chief’s own selfish gain …
a Chiefdom can become a…
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
or
The chief’s own selfish gain …
a Chiefdom can become a…
K__________
Chiefdom
Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society
or
The chief’s own selfish gain …
a Chiefdom can become a…
Kleptocracy
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
a society in which people are deprived of
their wealth for the benefit of the leader
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
a society in which people are deprived of
their wealth for the benefit of the leader
or
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
a society in which people are deprived of
their wealth for the benefit of the leader
or
A chief could use his people’s wealth to help them =
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
a society in which people are deprived of
their wealth for the benefit of the leader
or
A chief could use his people’s wealth to help them =
to build p_____ w____ (schools, roads,
hospitals etc.) that benefit people
Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =
a society in which people are deprived of
their wealth for the benefit of the leader
or
A chief could use his people’s wealth to help them =
to build public works (schools, roads,
hospitals etc.) that benefit people
Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to
convince people to obey them by maintaining order
Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to
convince people to obey them by maintaining order
People pay t____ in return for useful services (and safety, security …)
Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to
convince people to obey them by maintaining order
People pay taxes in return for useful services (and safety, security …)
Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to
convince people to obey them by maintaining order
People pay taxes in return for useful services (and safety, security …)
Kleptocrat can encourage people to obey by creating a r________ that justifies his power
Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to
convince people to obey them by maintaining order
People pay taxes in return for useful services (and safety, security …)
Kleptocrat can encourage people to obey by creating a religion that justifies his power
Similarities between Chiefdoms and Kleptocracy’s
Many chiefs are also religious leaders in their chiefdoms
Similarities between Chiefdoms and Kleptocracy’s
Many chiefs are also religious leaders in their chiefdoms
Taxes often pay for large religious structures (churches, temples, shrines…)
Similarities between Chiefdoms and Kleptocracy’s
Many chiefs are also religious leaders in their chiefdoms
Taxes often pay for large religious structures (churches, temples, shrines…)
Chiefs encourage their followers to respect and worship them and to sacrifice their lives in times of war
Similarities between Chiefdoms and Kleptocracy’s
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
__________ blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian ______ language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________
Egalitarian _______ production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian ______ language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________
Egalitarian _______ production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________
Egalitarian _______ production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________
Egalitarian _______ production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________
Egalitarian Food production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central government
Egalitarian Food production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central government
Egalitarian Food production Laws
Division of labor Division of _________
Summary of the Four Categories
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)
50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people
One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities
Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central government
Egalitarian Food production Laws
Division of labor Division of labor
Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy
Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy
Perhaps a negative viewpoint
Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy
Perhaps a negative viewpoint
BUT
Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy
Perhaps a negative viewpoint
BUT
It’s true that religions do play a useful role in maintaining o____ in society
Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy
Perhaps a negative viewpoint
BUT
It’s true that religions do play a useful role in maintaining order in society
State
State
We live in a State
State
We live in a State
- Larger, more complex than a Chiefdom
State
- Many state democracies with elected officials (J____, U__)
State
- Many state democracies with elected officials (Japan, USA)
State
- Some hereditary leaders (N____ _____ etc.)
State
- Some hereditary leaders (North Korea etc.)
State
- High officials have great power
State
- High officials have great power
- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to l____ leaders)
State
- High officials have great power
- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to local leaders)
State
- High officials have great power
- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to local leaders)
- States have wide-ranging programs of economic redistribution (taxes, insurance, health care etc.)
State
- People are specialized
State
- People are specialized
- No one is self-sufficient
State
- People are specialized
- No one is self-sufficient
- Citizens of a state rely on one another
Early states
Early states
Social hierarchy
Early states
Social hierarchy
Specialization (warriors, craftsmen, writers, businessmen etc…)
Early states
Social hierarchy
Strong religious traditions, k___ often considered divine (神の)
Specialization (warriors, craftsmen, writers, businessmen etc…)
Early states
Social hierarchy
Strong religious traditions, king often considered divine (神の)
Specialization (warriors, craftsmen, writers, businessmen etc…)
Early states
Social hierarchy
Strong religious traditions, king often considered divine (神の)
Specialization (warriors, craftsmen, writers, businessmen etc…)
because …
Early states
Large number of people who need to be u_____ together
around the same system of ideas
Early states
Large number of people who need to be united together
around the same system of ideas
Last 10,000 years or so
Last 10,000 years or so
More and more states and fewer tribes, chiefdoms, and bands
Last 10,000 years or so
More and more states and fewer tribes, chiefdoms, and bands
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
s___
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
size
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
size
citizens with a military specialization
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
size
citizens with a military specialization
strong p_______ (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
size
citizens with a military specialization
strong patriotism (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
size
citizens with a military specialization
strong patriotism (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)
No patriotism among tribes or bands
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
In many of the earliest states, r______ and patriotism were the same
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
In many of the earliest states, religion and patriotism were the same
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
In many of the earliest states, religion and patriotism were the same
The religious leader of the state was also the g_________ leader
States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…
In many of the earliest states, religion and patriotism were the same
The religious leader of the state was also the government leader
Diamond’s Hypothesis
Diamond’s Hypothesis
Religious fervor (信念; 熱情, 情熱) did not exist before the rise of
chiefdoms and states about 6,000 years ago
Diamond’s Hypothesis
However…
Religious fervor (信念; 熱情, 情熱) did not exist before the rise of
chiefdoms and states about 6,000 years ago
Diamond’s Hypothesis
Without p________, states might fall apart
Diamond’s Hypothesis
Without patriotism, states might fall apart
Diamond’s Hypothesis
Large, diverse groups of people would see no reason to protect one another or sacrifice their interests for the
sake of the group
Without patriotism, States might fall apart
How do States arise?
How do States arise?
- Population size
How do States arise?
- Population d_______
- Population size
How do States arise?
- Population density
- Population size
How do States arise?
- Population density
- Population size
- Intensified food production (a__________)
How do States arise?
- Population density
- Population size
- Intensified food production (agriculture)
How do States arise?
- Population density
- Population size
- Intensified food production (agriculture)
- Agriculture stimulates social complexity in many ways:
1) S_____ food for long periods, gives farmers free time to work for a centralized political leader
1) Storing food for long periods, gives farmers free time to work for a centralized political leader
2) Agriculture can create food su_______, which can be used to pay scribes/writers, craftspeople,
and others for their (technically nonessential) work
2) Agriculture can create food surpluses, which can be used to pay scribes/writers, craftspeople,
and others for their (technically nonessential) work
3) Agriculture allows people to live more sedentary lives (静かな生活), which gives them the ability to
accumulate possessions and experiment with t_________ and crafts
3) Agriculture allows people to live more sedentary lives (静かな生活), which gives them the ability to
accumulate possessions and experiment with technology and crafts
State
State
Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few h_______ people
State
Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few hundred people
State
Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few hundred people
Why?
State
1) People can’t know everyone else; the family structures used to resolve c________ don’t work
State
1) People can’t know everyone else; the family structures used to resolve conflicts don’t work
State
2) Group decision making becomes impractical; isn’t enough time for everyone in the society to give their opinion
State
3) It’s inefficient to t____ goods directly with another person. More convenient to buy and sell goods through a centralized
authority
State
3) It’s inefficient to trade goods directly with another person. More convenient to buy and sell goods through a centralized
authority
State
4) Large groups of people have access to less space per person and depend on other people who may have better
access to certain r_________
State
4) Large groups of people have access to less space per person and depend on other people who may have better
access to certain resources
State
In a band of 20 people, everyone would have essentially the same access to the same resources
Band
A state of 500,000 people living within the same space, certain people would have better access to certain resources
A state of 500,000 people living within the same space, certain people would have better access to certain resources
=
A state of 500,000 people living within the same space, certain people would have better access to certain resources
=
People have to trade resources, leading to s____________
A state of 500,000 people living within the same space, certain people would have better access to certain resources
=
People have to trade resources, leading to specialization
There needs to be a strong, central form of l___________ to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with
respect, etc.
There needs to be a strong, central form of leadership to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with
respect, etc.
There needs to be a strong, central form of leadership to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with
respect, etc.
=
There needs to be a strong, central form of leadership to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with
respect, etc.
=
State
The most stable, organized Bands and Tribes survive over the years while the weaker ones collapse and die out
The most stable, organized Bands and Tribes survive over the years while the weaker ones collapse and die out
Stable, organized Bands become —->
Stable, organized Bands become —->
Larger stable, organized, strong T_____ —->
Larger stable, organized, strong Tribes —->
Larger stable, organized, stronger C_________ —>
Larger stable, organized, stronger Chiefdoms —>
Larger and larger societies —->
Larger and larger societies —->
S______
Larger and larger societies —->
States
Larger and larger societies —->
States
Food production, competition and diffusion between societies led to vast differences in c__________
Larger and larger societies —->
States
Food production, competition and diffusion between societies led to vast differences in civilizations
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