guiding question how and for what reasons did u.s. foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? (to...

World WarII

THE SHADOW OF WAR

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1921-1941

GUIDING QUESTION

How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920

and 1941?

(To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy

in the 1920s and 1930s?)

DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: ENGAGEMENT WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTS

Peace with Germany, 1921 League of Nations - “unofficial observers”

Washington Conference (1922)

Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922

Nine-Power Treaty – “Open Door” in China

Significance: battleships and aircraft carriers only; no enforcement mechanism

Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (1928) Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement mechanism

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

Dawes Plan (1924)

DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930S: FROM ENGAGEMENT TO

ISOLATIONISM

Hoover – troops out of Haiti (1932), Nicaragua (1933)

“Good Neighbor Policy”

1933 – US renounced intervention (Roosevelt Corollary)

1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti

1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment

1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead armed intervention

U.S. recognized the Soviet Union (1933)

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937German aggression

1935 – compulsory military service; air force

and armored divisions

Rhineland, 1936

Austria, 1938Munich Conference

(Sept 1938)

appeasementMarch 1939 – Germany took remainder of

Czechoslovakia

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (August

1939) Invasion of Poland (Sept 1,

1939)

blitzkrieg Denmark

Norway

France

Dunkirk

Battle of Britain (Aug. 1940 - June 1941)

Invasion of Soviet Union

(June 1941)

Soviet AggressionEastern Poland (Sept 1939)

Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania (1940)

“moral embargo” against USSR

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

FDR’s “Quarantine” speech (1937, after Japanese invasion of China)

“Preparedness”

Change in US Policy Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted no part

in war

FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began chipping away at neutrality legislation any way he could to assist

GB

cash-and-carry policy (1939)Selective Service Act (Sept 1940)

Destroyers for Bases Deal (Sept 1940)

Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940

GALLUP POLLS: EUROPEAN WAR AND WORLD WAR 1938–1940

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

“Arsenal of Democracy” Lend-Lease Act (March

1941) “shoot on sight” (July 1941) Atlantic Charter (Aug 1941)

America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)

Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)

JAPANESE AGGRESSION 1931-1941

JAPANESE AGGRESSION THROUGH 1941

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

DISPUTES WITH JAPAN

economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil)Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)

2400 killed (over 1100 on Arizona), 1200 wounded;

21 warships sunk or severely damaged; over 300 planes destroyed or severely damaged

The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor(U.S. Army)

FDR before Congress asking for a Declaration of War against Japan, Dec. 8, 1941

JAPANESE EXPANSION AND EARLY BATTLES IN THE

PACIFIC

GUIDING QUESTION

To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society,

economy and government?

WAR ON THE

HOME FRONT

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

1.Industrial Production

War Production Board converted industries,

allocated materials, and organized drives to recycle

any usable products.

By 1944, war production double that of all Axis

powers

Factories changed their production decided by the

WPB.

Example: automobile factories started making tanks and planes within

weeks.

EFFECTS OF WAR

SPENDING

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY2.

Office of Price Administration

rationing

3.

Controlling Labor

”no-strike” pledges

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act)

(1943) union membership: major

increase

Ration Card

Labor Union Membership, 1920-1960

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

4.Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War

I(tripled compared to the

depression)5. Financing the War: $321

billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone

Liberty Bonds

War Bond

Military Expenditures and the National Debt, 1929-1945

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY6.

Propaganda Office of War Information

Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI

anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

EFFECTS ON SOCIETY

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE

ECONOMYEnd of the Depression

High employmentFarm crisis endedpersonal income

increasedrationingsavings

Union membershipCorporate

consolidation

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY

Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES.

Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)

concentrated in government clerical jobs

"Rosie the Riveter"Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime,

child care

Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKrHfTGWxQ4

Government WWII video

IMPACT ON SOCIETY: MINORITIES & RIGHTS

Second Great Migration Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)

Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units

Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) -

pressure on companies with gov’t contractsFDR’s response:

Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants

Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination

Results: Significant

decrease in number willing to accept status of second class citizens.

Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened civil rights efforts

Segregated Units

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTSJapanese

AmericansInternment

Executive Order 8066

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

In re Endo (1944)

Japanese American Internment Camps

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY

Internment Camp Video

JAPANESE-AMERICA

N INTERNMEN

T

Japanese-American store

Members of the Mochida family awaiting

evacuation bus

Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival

at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2,

1942

JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNME

NT

Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA,

April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records Administration)

War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942

The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER

New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).

Vast expansion of power for federal governmentElection of 1944

FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term

Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives

Harry S Truman

Presidential Election of 1944

Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–1995

WAR IN EUROPE

DEFEATING GERMANY

Operation Torch (1942-May 1943)

Gen. George C. MarshallSecond front in France?Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan

1943)

Air War incendiary raids

on Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden

Invasion of Italy

Mussolini

D-DAY

INVASION OF NORMANDY

Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Day

D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944 After the Normandy Invasion

DEFEATING GERMANY

Allied invasion of France Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)

Fall of Germany

Berlin (June 2, 1945)

Hitler suicide (April 30)

Surrender May 8, 1945 (V-E Day)

WAR IN THE

PACIFIC

GUIDING QUESTION

Why did the United States decide to use atomic bombs against

Japan?

(strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the

Soviet Union in the postwar era?)

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Philippines

Bataan Death March

Battle of Coral Sea (May 7-8,

1942) Midway

(June 4-7, 1942)

Island-hopping

Gen Douglass MacArthur

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal

ISLAND-HOPPING IN THE PACIFIC

American Troops Before Amphibious Landing

US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943

Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island

Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944)

kamikazes

Iwo Jima (Feb-March 1945)

Okinawa (April – June 1945)

Flag Raising on Iwo Jima

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE

FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)

Harry S Truman (President 1945-53)

Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman

addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEManhattan Project

(begun 1942)

Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945

Unconditional surrender or face “utter destruction”

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day)

Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”

Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAY

HIROSHIMA AFTER THE

BOMB BLAST, AUGUST 6,

1945

HIROSHIMA AFTER THE BOMB BLAST, AUGUST 6, 1945

HIROSHIMA AFTER THE ATOMIC BOMB, AUGUST 6, 1945

NAGASAKI ATOMIC

BOMBING

AUGUST 9, 1945

AFTERMATH OF NAGASAKI BOMBING

Arguments for use

Japanese refused to surrender. It was

estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was

needed to bring the war to an end.

US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an additional 18

months to 2 years.

US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to

huge Japanese losses if there was an invasion of

Japan.

Japanese leadership was informed of the

destructive power and nature of the bomb and

offered a period to surrender but declined.

Arguments opposed

Bombs were untested and their destruction unknown

Neither city was a major military target and the attacks

would mainly kill Japanese civilians.

Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination

would have negative effects on the population.

Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass

destruction in war

SURRENDER CEREMONIES ON THE USS MISSOURI

JAPANESE SURRENDER ON THE USS MISSOURI SEPT 2, 1945

RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

300,000 dead, over 800K wounded$320 billion cost

National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 billion by 1945

End of DepressionJoined United Nations

Only major power without significant physical damage

7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service

in WWII

WWII Memorial, Washington, DC

Dedicated on April 29, 2004

SOURCESBrinkley, American History: A Survey 10eAmerica: Pathways to the Present (2003)

National Archives and Records AdministrationThomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank -

http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html

Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm

American Journey OnlineDivine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.

Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html

Faragher, Out of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

Jones, Created EqualKennedy, American Pageant 13e

Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NYHenretta, America’s History 5e,

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralRoark, American Promise 3e,

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralhttp://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)