guided reading activity answers. germany was able to set up an effective blockade of england during...
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The German Blockade of England, WW I
Germany was able
to set up an
effective blockade
of England during
World War I by
using its U-Boats to
sink trade vessels
approaching or
leaving England.
Unable to receive
food and supplies
from abroad, the
English population
suffered and the
war effort seemed
doomed.
The Convoy System – large groups of merchant vessels accompanied by cruisers and destroyers for safety – was used with great effect starting in 1917.
Ships were also painted with “Dazzle Camouflage” which made them more difficult targets for German U-boats.
General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing
General John Pershing had gained fame for his role in subduing Mexican Revolutionary “Pancho” Villa during the early 1910s. During World War I, he was the commander of the American Expeditionary Force – and cooperated closely with the French Commander Ferdinand Foch.
At the start of
American
participation in the
war effort, Pershing
was opposed to any
American troops
serving under
foreign
commanders. Soon,
however, he had
relinquished
African-American
soldier to French
commanders, and by
the end of the war,
Americans routinely
served under French
commanders.
Americans Fighting under French Command
The US Troops Arrived in France, June, 1917
World War I started in
Europe in the fall of
1914. Americans were
resolved to stay out of
the war – which they
considered a European
affair – but were
eventually dragged in.
Even after President
Woodrow Wilson asked
Congress for a
declaration of war in
April of 1917, it took
several months to
mobilize the AEF
(American
Expeditionary Force)
to join the fight.
Doughboys
Because most
American soldiers
were
inexperienced
farm boys out in
the world for
their first time –
and perhaps a
little pudgy until
they had been
through basic
training – they
were referred to
as “Doughboys.”
Communism is an economic and political system based on the idea that social classes and the right to private property should be eliminated.
The Bolshevik Party in Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin, used violent force to take over the government of Russia, then seized and redistributed land to collective farmers.
During a murderous, bloody Civil War between 1917 and 1923, the Tsar and hundreds of thousands of citizens who opposed the Bolsheviks’ plans were killed in the fighting.
COMMUNISM:
Vladimir Lenin
and the
Bolsheviks were
so busy fighting a
Civil War at home
that they could
not fight against
the Germans – and
therefore quit the
war. In the Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk,
Russia ceded
hundreds of
thousands of
square miles of
land to Germany.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Forty Divisions of German Soldiers Moved to the Western Front.
When fighting
against Russia
came to an end,
virtually the
entire Eastern
Front collapsed
and military
confrontation
ceased. German
Soldiers were
redeployed to the
Western Front,
and the Allies
braced
themselves for a
massive assault.
The Spanish
Influenza
More men and
women died of
the Spanish Flu
during the winter
of 1918-1919
than died during
all of World War I.
The epidemic hit
German and
Allied Soldiers so
hard during 1918
that it interfered
with troop
movements
during World War
I.
The Battle of Argonne Forest
In September of 1918,
the weakened German
lines were forced to
retreat by Allied
Soldiers who had been
reinforced by
American
“doughboys.” Crossing
the Meuse River, over
1 million American
soldiers pressed
forward through
heavily fortified
regions of the Argonne
Forest. German
soldiers continued to
retreat all the way
back into Germany.
An armistice is an agreement to halt fighting between enemy combatants so that peace talks can begin.
Germany asked for an armistice, or cease-fire, during the fall of 1918 so that peace talks could begin between their nation and the Allied Powers.
Allied leaders, however, were not willing to halt their progress right way. Germany would have to endure more brutal punishment before the Allies would acquiesce.
ARMISTICE -
Kaiser Wilhelm Abdicates his Throne.
Kaiser Wilhelm II, the monarch
who was considered the leader of
Germany throughout World War
I, was forced to abdicate his
throne, or give up leadership,
before the Allies would accept a
cease fire with Germany. He left
Germany to live in exile in
Holland. The once proud
emperor, pictured to the left,
would live in exile for the rest of
his life, and watch Germany
descend into madness under
Adolf Hitler before the nation
was destroyed again during the
Second World War.
The leaders of the Allied Powers wanted for the war to end dramatically, and thus chose the memorable date we now know as Armistice Day.
The war ended at exactly 11 O'clock AM on November the 11th: The Eleventh hour of the Eleventh day of the Eleventh month.
Why? For no reason at all. And the killing continued until that date and that hour, although it might have stopped days earlier.
Armistice Day: November 11, 1918
“In Flanders Fields,” by Lt. Col. John McCrae of the Royal Canadian Army
“In Flanders Fields”
In Flanders Fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
France 1.3 Million Men
Britain 900,000 Men
Russia 1.7 Million Men
Germany 1.6 Million Men
The United States 50,000 (less than 1 yr.)
The Dead: World War I
By the end of World War I, there were entire villages in France whose populations were wiped out. These cities simply disappeared from the map in the aftermath of the war.
Uncounted Millions died of disease (especially Influenza), starvation, and other war related causes.
Soldiers were frequently blinded, dismembered, or the victims of poison gassing that left their lungs permanently scarred.
Psychological trauma plagued men and women after the war – as it does the participants of all wars.
Other Implications of World War I
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