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GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND YIELD OF LOWLAND RICE VARIETY (MR220CL AND MR 263), CULTIVATED IN

DIFFERENT SOIL TYPE OF SARAWAK

Nor Farahin Binti Zainal Abiddin

SB 191 Bachelor of Science with HonoursR5 (Plant Resource Science and Management)N822 20152015

Growth Performance and Yield of Lowland Rice Variety (MR220CL and MR263), Cultivated in Different Soil Type of Sarawak

Nor Farahin Bt Zainal Abiddin (37642)

This Final Year Project Report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Effendi bin WasH

Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak

2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

I am grateful to an those concerned who had made this dissertation possible. First of all, I

would like to thank upon AHah SWT for His willing and blessing for me to complete this

Final Year Project. I am very grateful to have Dr. Mohd Effendi bin Wash as my

supervisor, for his guidance, advices, knowledge, and non-stop support to complete this

project. His dedicated supervision has made things clear and I gained new knowledge and

experience throughout the process of completion of this project.

My special recognition goes to my parents, Encik Zainal Abiddin and Puan Rabayah bt

Bakri and my family for giving me support and encourages me to complete this project. I

would like to convey my sincere and earnest thanks to my best friend Siti Asmah Hameed

Sultan and Tan Lih Min for always there beside me from the starting of this project until

the successful completion of this project.

My sincerest thanks to my other course mate for sharing information and cooperation in

I: II this study. Last but not least, my warmest thanks for all those who had help me either

direct or indirectly upon the completion of this Final Year Project. Thank you . ..

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work. All the quotations and

citations have been duly acknowledge. No portion of the work referred to this dissertation

has been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree programs in UNIMAS

or other institutions of higher learning.

~.

Nor Farahin Binti Zainal Abiddin

Plant Resource Science and Management

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

IV

APPROVAL SHEET

Name of Candidate: Nor Farahin Binti Zainal Abiddin

Title of Dissertation: Growth Performance and Yield of Lowland Rice Variety (MR220CL and MR263), Cultivated in Different Soil Type of Sarawak

Dr. Mohd Effendi bin Wasli

Supervisor

Plant Resource Science and Management

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

v

APPROVAL SHEET

Name of Candidate: Nor Farahin Binti Zainal Abiddin

Title of Dissertation: Growth Perfonnance and Yield of Lowland Rice Variety

(MR220CL and MR263), Cultivated in Different Soil Type ofSarawak

ohd Effendi bin Wasli

Supervisor

Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

sawi bin Sani

,

Co-Supervisor

Department ofPlant Science and Environmental Ecology

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

~'

Dr. Rebicca Edward

Programme Coordinator

Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNlMAS)

-~-~,-r""--

l)usa ,1 !lUlU» nL ,.- -VNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA"~.

Table of Contents

TITLE & FRONT COVER ....... _.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 1-11

ACKNOWLADGEMENT.. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ........ III

DEC LARA nON .... _. ....... _. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... .. IV

APPROVAL SHEET .............................. _.. __ .... _.. __ .. _.. _.. _. _...... _. .. V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................... _....... _........ __ ... ... ... .. . ... ... VI-Vll

LIST OF ABBREVIA nONS .......... _. ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . .. . ... ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . Vlll-IX

LISTOFTABLES ..... .. . .. .. _. ....................................................... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ............... .. ............ _... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Xll

ABSTRACT/ ABSTRAK ......................................................... ..

LIST OF FIGURES ........................ _.. ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... XI

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... _.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ..... 3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW... ... .. . ... ... ...... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . ... 7

2.1 Type of soil suitable for rice cultivation... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 7

2.2 Type of rice in Malaysia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10

2.3 Lowland rice of Sarawak... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... . .. .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. 13

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3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD ... ..... , ...... . ..... ..... . .... .. ... .. .... ... .. 15

3.1 Experimental Design ... ...... ... .............. ... .. . .. . ......... .. . ... .. . 15

3.2 Rice Variety Tested ............ . ................ ...... ...... . ... .. . .. . .. . 16

3.3 Experimental Treatment .... . .... ...... ... ......... ...... ........... , .. . 17

3.4 Soil Analysis .. ............ ... . ...... ...... ...... .............. ....... ... . 18

183.5 Growth Performance Parameters ..... ........ .. .................. ..... .

183.5.1 Root Shoot Ratio ........... , .............. .... .. ....... ... ...... ..

183.6 Yield and Yield Component. .. ... .. ...... .. ....... . ... ... .............. .

193.6.1 Number of Filled Spikelet. ... .............. ..... . .. .... .. .... ... ..

193.6.2 lOO-Grains Weight. ....... ......... ...... ........ .. ......... ...... .

193.6.3 Grain Yield ....................... . ... ... ........... . ........ . ..... .

193.7 Statistical Analysis ........ . ......... ... ........ ......... . .. ... . ... ...... ..

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........ ....... ............ ..... .. .. .... .. ... ..... . 20

4.1 General Soil Properties of Gley Soils and Grey White Podzolic

20 Soils in Experiment. .... ... .......... ...... .............. , .. . .. .......... ..

22 4.2 Culm Height. .. ........ . .. ...... .......... ..... ............................ ..

25 4.3 Number of Tillers and Number of Panicles ... ................. . ...... .

28 4.4 Root Shoot Ratio and Number of Filled Panicle ........ ........... .. .

30 4.5 1000-Grain Weight and Grain Yield ........... ...... ......... ...... ... .

4.6 Comparison in Term of Characteristic MR220CL and MR263 in

33 This Study Based on MARDI. ............. . ...... ......... .. . .. . ...... ..

37 5.0 CONCLUSION ................................ ... ....... .. , ............ .. .... ... .

REFERENCES ..... ....... , .. . ..... . ........ ....... .. . .. . ...... ..... ... ... .......... .. 38

APPENDICES ..... ....... '" .... .. ..... ... ......... . ............... '" ... ........ . .. . 42

VII

List of Abbreviations

FAO

DAT

GWP

IADA BLS

IADA KETARA

IADA KSM

IBM

IPNS

KADA

LGS

MAD A

MARDI

MOP

NKEA

NWS

RBE

RBL

Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United NatIons

Day after Transplant

Grey White Podzolic soils

Integrated Agricultural Development Area Barat Laut Selangor

Integrated Agricultural Development Area Terengganu Utara

Integrated Agricultural Development Area Kerian Sungai Manik

Immature Brown Loam

Integrated Plant Nutrient Management System

Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority

Low Humic Gley Soil

Muda Agricultural Development Authority

Malaysia Agriculture Research Development Institute

Muriate of Potash.'

National Key Econo~ic Area

North West Selangor

Red Brown Earth

Reddish Brown Latosol

V III

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RDFN Recommended Dose of Fertilizer Nitrogen

tlha tonne per hectare

TSP Triple Super Phosphate

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List of Tables and Figures

Tables -"

Table 1 The Statistic of Total Rice Cultivation and Rice Production in

Sarawak... .. . . .. .. . ... . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 4

Table 2 Average Paddy Yield and Paddy Production of Lowland Rice

and Upland Rice by State of Malaysia 2012 ... .. ... .. .............. 11

Table 3 Characteristic of Both· Rice Varieties MR220CL and MR263 .... 16

Table 4 Fertilizer Requirement for Varieties MR220CL and MR263 .... .. 17

Table 5 General Soil Properties; Gley Soils and Grey-White Podzolic

Soils Used in This Study ........ . ..... ........ ...... ........ ..... . ... ... 22

Table 6 Comparison in Term of Characteristic MR220CL and MR263

in This Study Based on MARDI.. .... .. ...... ....... ....... .. ... ..... 35

Table 7 Soil Properties in MARDI Seberang Prai 36

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Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figures

Soil Map of Sarawak .... .. ..... . .. ... . ......... .. .. .. .. ...... . .. ... . 9

Experimental Design for This Study ......... .. . .... .... ......... . 15

Average Culm Heights ......... .. ......... . ... .. . ... . ..... .. ....... . 23

Culm height ofMR220CL and MR263 at harvest stage ..... . . 24

Average Number of Tillers per Plant.. ...... . .... : . ... .. .... .. . .. . 26

Average Number of Panicle per Plant. .... . ........... ... ... ... . . 27

A verage Root Shoot Ratio ..... . ..... ... .... .. ................... .. 29

Root Shoot Ratio of MR220CL and MR263 ..... ... . ..... . ... .. . 29

Number of Filled Spikelet. ..... ........... ... .... .. ... . ...... ..... . 30

lOOO-Grain Weight. ............. , ... .. ............... ... ... . .. ... . .. 31

Average Grain Yield ... .. .......... ... .. ... . ... ... ..... .... ........ .. 33

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Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

List of Appendices

Plant Height (cm) ... .. . ... ......... .. . ..... .... ... .. , ...... .......... .. 42

Number of Tillers Produces per Plant at Different Phase of

DAT............... ... .............. . ... ... .. . .... .. ... ... ... ... ........ . 44

Number of Panicles Produces ... ... .. . ...... .. . ... .............. . .. . 46

Root Dry Weight (g), Shoot Dry Weight (g) and Root 47

Shoot Ratio ................. , .. ... ........................ . .. ... ... , ... .

100 Grain Weight.. . .. . ..... . ................. ....... .. .. .......... , .. . 48

Grain Yield ... ........... , ... ............... .. . .. .... .. ... . ........... , . 48

XII

Growth Performance and Yield of Lowland Rice Variety (MR 220CL and MR 263), Cultivated in Different Soil Type of Sarawak

Nor Farahin Bt Zainal AbiddiD (37642)

Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRACT

Different type of soils has different characteristic, structure and nutrient availability which can cause differences in growth performance and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) . Sarawak have cultivated the rowland rice but there are several issue on performance of lowland rice in Sarawak due to the soil condition such as high salinity, poor drainage which cause water

clogging during rainy season and intrusion of seawater which caused high salinity to rice cultivation. The pot experiment has been conducted with the 40 replicated in total. The soil

that used in this study is the common soil used for rice cultivation in Sarawak which is Gley soils from Bijat series and Grey-White Podzolic soils from Saratok series. MR220CL and MR263 rice variety were used in this study because they are the most common high yielding rice varieties in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessment on the growth performance and

the yield of the rice plant were taken based on the parameter such as the culm height, number of tillers and panicles per plant, root shoot ratio, number of filled spikelet, 1000­grain weight and grain yield. From the stud)', it was observed that the growth performance and the yield of the rice plant were better in the Glay soils compared to the Grey White

Podzolic soils. In the growth performance it shows that the MR220CL have better growth performance compared to MR263 because it have higher culm height and higher number of tillers and panicles per plant. Meanwhile for the yield it shows that MR263 have a better yield compared to MR220CL with the total grain yield of 2800 kg/hectare. However, from

the result it can be conclude that the lowland rice (MR220CL and MR263) are not suitable

to be cultivated in the soil type of Sarawak because it show a huge reduction in yield as compared to the yield of both variety in Peninsular Malaysia.

Keywords: Oryza .sativa, lowland rice (MR220CL and MR263), Gley soils, Grey-White Podzolic soils, Growth performance, Yield.

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Prestasi Pertumbuban dan Hasil bagi Padi Tanah Rendah Variati (MR 220CL dan MR 263), Ditanam dalam Jenis Tanah yang Berbeza Sarawak

Nor Farahin Bt Zainal Abiddin (37642)

Pengurusan Sains Sumber Tumbuhan Jabatan Pengurusan Sains Sumber Tumbuhan

Fakulti Sains Teknologi Sumber Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRAK

Jenis tanah berbe=a mempunyai ciri-ciri, struktur dan ketersediaan nutrien yang berbeza menyebabkan perbezaan dalam prestasi pertumbuhan dan hasil padi (Oryza sativa). Sarawak telah ditanam padi tanah rendah tetapi terdapat beberapa isu mengenai prestasi beras tanah rendah di Sarawak seperti keadaan tanah mempunyai kemasinan yang tinggi, saliran tidak baik yang menyebabkan tersumbat air semasa musim hujan dan gangguan air laut yang menyebabkan kemasinan yang tinggi untuk penanaman padi. Eksperimen menggunakan baldi telah dijalankan dengan jumlah 40 klan. Tanah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah tanah yang biasa digunakan untuk penanaman padi di Sarawak yang merupakan tanah Gley dari siri Bijat dan Grey-White pod=ol dari siri Saratok. Varaiti padi MR220CL dan MR263 telah digunakan dalam kajian ini kerana mereka adalah variati yang biasa ditanam dan jenis padi berhasil tinggi di Semenanjung Malaysia. Penilaian prestasi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi yang telah diambil berdasarkan parameter seperti ketinggian pokok, bilangan anak pokok dan bilangan tangkai setiap tumbuhan, nisbah pucuk akar, bilangan spikelet berisi, berat 1000-bijian dan hasil bijirin. Dari kajian ini, ia telah diperhatikan bahawa prestasi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi yang lebih baik di tanah Gley berbanding tanah Grey White pod=ol. Dalam prestasi pertumbuhan ia menunjukkan bahawa MR220CL mempunyai prestasi pertumbuhan yang lebih baik berbanding MR263 kerana ia mempunyai ketinggian pokok yang lebih tinggi dan jumlah yang anak pokok dan bilangan tangkai yang lebih banyak. Sementara itu untuk hasil yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa MR263 mempunyai hasil yang lebih baik berbanding dengan MR220CL jumlah hasil bijirin daripada 2800 kg / hektar. Walau bagaimanapun, dari hasil yang diperolehi, kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat ialah bahawa padi tanah rendah W(MR220CL dan MR263) tidak s~suai untuk ditanam di jenis tanah di Sarawak kerana ia menunjukkan pengurangan besar dalam hasil berbanding dengan hasil kedua-dua varaiti di Semenanjung Malaysia.

Katakunci: Oryza sativa, beras tanah rendah (MR220CL dan MR263), tanah Gley, tanah Grey-White podzol, prestasi Pertumbuhan, Hasil

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

Rice is the world most important staple food crop and the major food grain for

more than a third of the world's population. The people depend on rice carbohydrate and

protein, especially in developing countries (lRR!, 2004). These two components are

important in producing energy to human. About 90% of world's rice is grown and

consumed in Asia. China is the largest producer of rice every year together with the other

country such Indonesia, India and Vietnam. Rice is the third most widely planted crop in

Malaysia after oil palm and rubber. In the year 2012, it has been recorded that 684,545

hectares were planted with rice including those that are planted twice a year (Department

ofAgriculture Peninsular Malaysia, 2013).

In Malaysia, most common rice planting area is granary which is the applying

irrigation scheme and also known as lowland area. There are 8 granary areas in Peninsular

Malaysia namely as IADA KSM, IADA BLS, IADA P. Pinang, IADA Seberang Perak,

IADA KET ARA, IADA Kemasin Semerak KADA and MADA (Department of Agriculture

Peninsular Malaysia, 2013). Lowland rice is example of rice that usually planted at

lowland area. This type of rice can be planted by using irrigation method or rain fed

method. Lowland rjce can produce high and stable yield production with the proper

management and irrigation systems. There are several modern variety of lowland rice has

been developed by MARDI for example MRQ76, MR219, MR220, MR253, MR263 and

MR269. In Sarawak there also lowland area that was planted with lowland rice for

example Siburan and Batang Lupar (Pilo, 2012).

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Upland rice is the type of rice that commonly cultivated at upland area by rural

communities in Sabah and Sarawak. This type of rice have its own characteristics that may

different from lowland rice for example their fragrance, colours, sizes, and shapes (Musa et

aI., 2009). However, upland rice has low grain yields which cause by the poor management

during the cultivation period, weed infestation, insect-pest attack, lack water availability

and lack mineral supply. It has been reported that study on upland rice has been deserted

because of the low and unstable grain yields (Mariam et aI., 1991). Examples of upland

rice cultivar are Mamut, Bali, Lawi, Lentik, Keninga and Siam (Musa et aI., 2009).

Sarawak is the country's fifth Largest rice producer, after Kedah, Perak, Kelantan

and Perl is. Sarawak has total rice production of 145,011 metric ton and 241,684 of total

paddy production. It has been reported that there are 129,040 hectares areas in Sarawak

was planted with rice in 2012 (Department of Agriculture Peninsular Malaysia, 2(13). H is

including 63,821 hectares of upland areas and 65,219 of lowland area. Several areas have

been identified as suitable for rice production including Banting, Bijat, Lingga, Paloh,

Pulau Bruit, Sungai Sebelak, and Samarahan.

Table 1 : The statistic of total rice cultivation and rice production in Sarawak 2012

.' State Sarawak

Area cultivated lowland rice (ba)

Area cultivated upland rice (ha)

Total Area (ba)

Production lowland rice (tonne metric)

Production upland rice (tonne metric)

Total rice production (tonne metric)

65,219

63,821

129,040

189,443

47,668

237,111

Source: (Department of Agriculture Peninsular Malaysia, 2013)

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Punt {(h U'i.~ . ' • ..,u ~lL A~ J"

UNlV£RSI11 MALAYSIA SARA\\'~.

Rice can be planted at almost all types of soils with different productivity and yield.

Malaysia has very wide spread of soil type. Currently, about 500 type of soil have been

identified and there are several common type of soil including Alluvial soils, Andisols,

Gley soils, Podzols, Organic soil, Oxisols, Skeletal soils and Thionic soils (Paramananthan,

2000). The important soils that have been extensively cultivated with rice are alluvial soils.

Under suitable temperature, humidity and proper water irrigation, rice can be grown at

those types of soil. Soil condition also one of the important factors that make the soil

suitable for cultivation of the rice for example, water retention capacity, amount of clay

and organic matter are needed for rice cultivation and pH value between 5.5 and 6.5.

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1.2 Problem Statement

The population of human in the world has been increase every day. Therefore, the

demand for food crop like rice has also increasing along the years . In order to fulfil the

demand for the growing population, Malaysia has to sustain its production and increase the

total rice yield. There several issues in rice production in Malaysia including the

degradation of soil and loss of soil for rice cultivation due to development, scarce of water

resources because of the adverse changes in climates and increased use of agrochemical for

pest and disease control which might harmful to human health ( Siwar et aI, 2012).

Therefore, more type soil suitable for rice plantation needed every year especially in

arawak (Najim et aI., 2007). Sarawak has very large land area as compared Kedah and

Seberang Prai which are known as Rice Bowl of Malaysia. However, the suitability of

land area in Sarawak to produce high yield for the lowland rice variety is still uncertain

e pecially modern varieties. It has been observed that the most crucial problem is the

suitability soil for rice cultivation involving the low amount of organic material, high pH

val ue, high salinity and poor drainage which cause water clogging during rainy season

(Ministry Of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry Malaysia, 2014). Other than that, there

are also problem with the intrusion of seawater into the rice field in Sarawak (Pilo, 2012).

1.3 Objective

The objective of this study:

1. To evaluate the growth performance of both rice varieties under certain parameters

planted at two different soil type; Gley soils and Grey-White Podzolic soils.

2. To observe the production of grain yield of both rice varieties on these two

different types of soil.

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2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Type of soil suitable for rice cultivation

There are several types of soils that are suitable for growing rice. Each of soils has

different characteristics and problems. The important in the soil for agriculture activities is

soil fertility. Fertility is the quality that enable a soil to provide the proper compound in

proper amount and balance for growth of plant when the other factor such a light, moisture,

temperature and physical condition of soil are favourable. Soil fertility predominantly

depend on the soil factor such as availability and equilibrium states of soil nutrient, soil

physical properties, soil chemical properties and soil biochemical properties. For the soil

that suitable for rice cultivation usually the soil have a good drainage, have a good water

holding capacity, pH range between 5.5 and 6.5 and have a good amount of clay and

organic matter.

Wickramasinghe and Wijewardena (2000), has conducted on farm experiment and

farmer participatory programmes at various type of soil in Sri Lanka to study the effect of

integrated plant nutrient management system (IPNS) to the production of yield. Red Brown

earth had been recorded as the highest productive soil after the alluvium and grumusol.

However, Red Brown earth has the highest water requirement to cultivate rice. Meanwhileo

Non Calcic Brown.Soil is the poorest fertility compare to the other soil type for rice

growing soil. It has low water holding capacity and water available. It has been recorded

the average yield for this type of soil is only about 4.42 tlha (Wickramasinghe and

Wijewardena, 2000).

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In Malaysia the most common soil type in the rice cultivation is alluvium soil. In

Peninsular Malaysia, on the west coast there are several part coastal plains with relatively

fertile alluvial soils. Alluvial soils are also present in some parts of the east coast. ln the

uplands, the dominant soils are sedentary soils that are strongly weathered. These

sedentary soils, with well-developed soil horizons, tend to be varied in depth, but slightly

acid and infertile. There are also several groups of soils which are referred to as unfertile

due to some limitations to plant growth that they exhibit for example acid sulphate soil.

However, several soil treatments have been taken to treat the unsuitable soil for the rice

cultivation. For example acid sulphate soil, BRIS soil and shallow peat soil have been

treated with lime and compost to make it suitable for rice cultivation. Based on study of

Che Lah et aI., (2011) stated that the BRIS soil can be used to cultivate the rice if it was

treated by compost. BRIS soil is known have highly acidic but with the application of

compost can increases the pH to near the !'eutral condition.

In the East of Malaysia there two states including Sarawak (123 466 km2) in the

southwest and Sabah (73 711 km2) in the northeast. The total arable land areas of Sarawak

and Sabah are of 5.31 and 2.15 million hectares respectively (FAO, 2004). In Sarawak

there are a few soil types that suitable for rice cultivation for example Gley soils and Grey-

White Podzolic soils. Gley soils are mineral soils which have a gleyed horizon or 50%

gleying within 50 cm below the 0 horizon. Gley' soils come from Alluvial and Colluvial

parent material. Gley soils which developed from accreting alluvium are found in deltaic

areas and emerged coastal plains and are generally saline. There are 4 families of Gley

Soils which is Tatau, Pakan, Bijat and Semandoh.

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Grey-White Podzolic soils is characterized by an upper dark organic zone overlying a

white to gray zone formed by leaching. It has pall id colour with chroma of 4 or less. It is a

cambic or an argillic horizon not overlain by an ocix or a kandic horizon within 100cm of

the surface. Saratok series consist of soils that have course loamy or course silty particle-

size texture (Teng, 2004). Another soil type that suitable for lowland rice cultivation is

Daro series and Gedong series (Mohidin et aI., 2009).

SOIL MAP OF SARAWAK

---~ _C=O-~_ -----­----

WALA'illA lIi10l

ltea

.~

Source: (Land and Survey Department, Sarawak. Directorate of National Mapping, 1968)

Figure i : Soil Map ofSarawak

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2.2 Type of rice in Malaysia

In Malaysia, MARDI is one of the research institutions that active in developing ': '

new varieties of rice which can increase the yield of rice in Malaysia in order to fulfil the

demand of rice for every year. There are several types of rice planted in Malaysia for

example lowland rice, upland rice and aerobic rice. Lowland rice is the type of rice that

commonly planted with irrigation schemes. Irrigation scheme is method of planting rice

with flooding condition. There are a few example of lowland rice that have been developed

by MARDI and the commonly planted in the granary area such as MR 211 , MR 2] 9,

MR220, MR253, MR263 and the latest developed varieties MR 272, MR 278, MR 283 and

MR284.

Lowland rice has produced more and stable yield compare to upland rice. It has

been approved by Department of Agriculture Peninsular Malaysia (2013), which in 2012

the total average yields of lowland rice is 4, 136kg per hectare while upland rice only 860kg

per hectare has been recorded. From that statistic from Table 2, it has been stated that

almost every states in Malaysia have cultivate rice but the biggest rice producer is Kedah

which producing 856,245 tonne metric in 2012.

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Table 2: Average paddy yield and paddy production oflowland rice and upland rice by State, Malaysia, 2012

Year Planting Average Paddy Planting Average Paddy Area Paddy Production Area Paddy Production (ba) Yield Tonne (ba) Yield Tonne

kg/ba metric kg/ba metric

Lowland Rice Upland Rice

Jobor 2934 3954 11600 Kedab 213378 4013 856245 Kelantan 63714 3929 250308 Melaka 2556 2999 7665 N.Sembilan 2126 3981 8463 Pahang 10487 3299 34594 Perak 82142 4483 368237 Perlis 52111 4740 246982 P.Pinang 25564 5584 142762 Selaogor 37835 5989 226580 Terengganu 17759 4364 7750) Sabab 37976 2992 113619 6926 1897 13142 Sarawak 65219 2975 194018 63818 747 47666

Source: (Department of Agriculture Peninsular Ma-laysia, 2013)

Upland rice is one of common type of rice that planted on dry land area which

received water from rainwater and there no surface water accumulation. In global, upland

rice have been planted Africa, Latin America and Asia. In Africa and Latin America,

upland rice is the dominant species in the rice cultivation (Gupta & O'Toole, 1986).

Upland rice usually planted by farmer for home consumption commonly in the rural area

of Sabah and Sarawak. It also have different characteristic compared to the lowland rice

for example the size of grain, colour, fragrant and taste (Musa et aI., 2009). Upland rice

usually have characteristic that resistant to the harsh condition such as weed infestation,

pest attack, water stress and unsuitable condition of soil. However, upland rice only able to

produce small amount of yield due to the improper land management by farmer during the

period ofcultivation.

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