greenhouse production handbook
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JJaammaaiiccaaGGrreeeennhhoouusseeGGrroowweerrss
AAssssoocciiaattiioonnHANDBOOK
JamaicaGreenhouseGrowersAssociation
RADABuilding,CaledoniaRoad,Mandeville,JamaicaW.I.
Email:jgga01@gmail.com
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BasicPrinciplesofLowCostGreenhouseProductioninJamaicaBy:DerrickSmithEditedby:JervisRoweIntroduction
TheTechnologyofproducinghorticulturalcrops ingreenhouseshasbeenaroundfordecades.
Greenhouseproductionprovidesgrowerswiththeabilitytoachievesignificantlyhigheryields
thanopenfieldproduction.Thisismainlyduetotheenclosedstructureandprotectiveantiviral
nettingwhichprotectsplantsfrompests,diseasesandharshelementsaswellastheuseofdrip
irrigation and a fertilization program that ensures good plant nutrition and an increased
capacitytobearmore.Thetechnologyalsoinvolvestheuseoflesslandareacomparedtoopen
fieldproduction,moreefficientuseofwaterresources;andfarlessuseofchemicalstocontrol
pestsanddiseases.
Greenhouse productionwas introduced to Jamaica on awidescale in 2005. A few farmers
planted lettuce,tomatoesandexperimentedwithothercropsbefore.AsaformofProtective
Agricultureithasshowngreatpromisehere.
TwoTypesofLowCostGreenhouse
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Management
This type of operation is intensive and needs dedication to be successful. A Low Cost
Greenhouse is one which costs below U.S. $30.00 per square meter. The minimum
recommendedaltitude
is
400
meters
above
sea
level,
when
antiviral
netting
is
used.
Below
this
elevationantiviralnetting shouldnotbeusedunlessadditionalequipment forcoolingetc. is
added.
GrowingMediums
Thesearepresentlyinusehere.
a. Soil[direct]b. Soilwithgravelinbagsc. Coird. Perlite
BasicEquipment
a. Phmeterb. ECmeterc. Thermometerd. ElectronicScale5lbs.capacity.e. MeasuringCylinderf. RelativeHumiditymeter
Water
Availabilityandqualityofwatershouldbechecked.Accesstogoodqualitywaterisoneofthe
most important inputs forgreenhouseproduction.Attheirearlystage,crops requireat least
0.75 to1 literperplant,perdayand this increasesat theblooming, fruiting,andharvesting
stages.Highyieldingindeterminatetomatoesbeforeharvestmayrequireupto2.5to3.00liters
perplantperday.
Growing
in
the
Soil
Thesoilshouldbeproperlypreparedtoallowforexcellentdevelopmentoftherootsystem.It
isbesttouseRaisedBedswhichensureslesscompactionandroomforworkerstomanoeuvre.
Bedsshouldbe1.7meters fromcentre tocentreofbeds.Thesuggestedplantingdistance is
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tworowsperbed,40centimetersbetweenplantsalongthebedand50centimetersbetween
rowsstaggeredfortomatoandsweetpepper.
]
SeedlingProduction
SeedselectionTomato Alboranisoneoftherecommendedindeterminatevarieties.
Beverleyisnematoderesistantandisgainingpopularity.
SweetPepperEarlySunsation[yellow]
KingHenry
[Red]
Lexington[Red]
Theuseofdiseasefreeseedlingsisamust,soseedsshouldbesowninaprotectednursery.
FORA600SQUAREMETERHOUSE:
Sow2000seeds.
Tofill16seedlingtrays[128cells]
Mix25lbs.ofgrowingmediumwith300grams12610[MAP],50gramsTrichozamin10liters
ofwater.ProperwateringwithgoodPestandDiseasecontrolshouldbefollowedupuntilthe
seedlingsarereadyfortransplanting.
40
50 DripLine
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Transplanting
Duringtransplantingselectyourseedlingsaccordingtothelength,thicknessandturgidityofthe
plant.StarterSolutionisusedduringtheprocedure.Thesolutionismadebymixing5lbs.DAP
[18460]fertilizerin80gallonsofwater.Apply200ccofthesolutiontoeachhole.Transplant
within
5
minutes.
TransplantingTomatoes
Whenthesolutionhas
beencompletelyabsorbed
buttheholesarestillvery
wet,thatiswithin5
minutes.
DripIrrigation
System
TheComponentsare:
a. WaterTanksb. WaterPumpselectricorgasc. Elevatedstandofabout5feettosupporttanksforgravityfeed.d. FilterSystems.e. Pipesf. DriplinesorSpaghettisystem[MicroTube5/3]
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Irrigation
Thequantityofwaterusedisdependentonthesoil,theweathercondition,growthstageofthe
plantandthepressure.Therecommendedpressureisbetween812psi.Forthespaghetti
system[MicroTube5/3]anelectricpumpisused,givingapressureof15psiatthedripper.
Also
when
using
bags
e.g.
6
x
11
x
14
two
drippers
are
used
per
bag,
with
a
dripper
on
either
sideoftheplant.
DripMaintenance
a. Cleanorcheckallfiltersdaily.Wheregravelorsandfilterisused,backwashbeforefillingtanks.
b. Phosphoricacidormolassescanbeusedinthecleaningprocess.Usingoneofthetanks,add
phosphoric
acid
to
lower
the
ph
of
the
water
to
ph
3.This
solution
is
applied
to
the
greenhousedripsystemwhereplantsareinthesoil,todissolvemanganese,ironand
calciumprecipitateswhichhaveaccumulatedinthelinesanddrippers.Allthisprocess
shouldlastforapproximately30minutes.
c. Thelinesshouldbeflushedweekly.FertilizationProgram
Plantsarefertilizedeverytimewaterisaddedexceptonceperweekwhenthesystemis
cleaned.
It
is
best
to
use
individual
soluble
fertilizers
when
available
to
make
your
mixture.
This
isafterachemicalanalysisofthesoilisdone.Theoptimumphrangeforthenutrientsolutionis
5.6to5.8.MostofJamaicaswatersourcesarealkaline,phosphoricacidisrecommendedto
correctthisproblemtolowertheph.Addtheacidtothemixtureandnotbefore.
AttachedaregeneralfertilizationprogramsforTomatoandSweetPepper,changeswillhaveto
bemadedependingonthelocation.
PlantSupportSystem
Thiscanbemadefromanyaffordablematerialavailablee.g.bamboo, woodandmetal.The
wireatthetopofthesystemshouldbeabout2.5metersaboveground.
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TrellisingorPlantTraining
Thecordandwiresshouldbeinplaceimmediatelyaftertransplanting.Whiteisthe
recommendedcolorofthecord.Planttrainingisdoneasrequired,possiblyweekly.
SweetPepperPruningandtrellising
AttachedisSweetPepperpruning.
Tomatopruninginvolvesthreeoperations:
a. SuckersToberemovedtwiceweekly.b. FruitsToberemovedweekly(doneduring(a)developmentalstage(b)tofacilitatemarketablefruitsize).
c. LeavesFivedaysbeforeharvestremovethelowerleavesuptothelowestfruitbearingcluster.Oncethelowestfruitshavebeenharvested,continuethepruningbyremoving
thoseleavesthatwereabovetheharvestedclusterandthatarenowbelowthenext
lowestfruitbearingcluster.
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Pollination
Tomatoesareselfpollinated.Inthegreenhousetheflowersmustbevibratedforthepollento
beloosenedanddustedontothestigma.Pollinationintomatoisachievedbyvibratingthe
clusterfor1to2secondsbyshakingthetrellisingsystembyhand,byusingamistbloweroran
electric
vibrator.
This
has
to
be
done
at
least
every
other
day,
between
10:00
am
and
2:00
pm
orpreferablewhentherelativehumidityisbetween60to70percent.Withoutpropervibration
poorfruitquality,shapeandsizewillresult.Theoptimumtemperatureforpollinationiswithin
70to80degreesFahrenheit.
SweetPeppersneednooutsideassistance.
Temperature
Adaytemperatureof70to82degreesF.isoptimum,whilenighttemperatureof62to64
degreesF.isoptimumforgreenhousetomatoes.Avoidtemperaturesabove90degreesF.
becauseat86degreesF.lycopenenolongerdevelops.
PestandDiseaseManagement
Pests
a.Miteswillbepresentevenwiththeantiviralmeshespeciallyonsweetpepper.The crops
havetobemonitoredatleasttwiceperweek.
b.AphidsandWhiteFlies.
Withantiviral
mesh
these
should
not
be
present
but
in
case
use
an
insecticide
which
is
recommendedforgreenhousecondition,andalsocheckforplantswithvirus.Thesemustbe
removedanddiscardedimmediately.
FungalProblem
ThesecanbesoilborneorontheFoliage.
SoilBorneThemostcommonaretheDampingOffcomplex[Phytophtora,Pythiumand
Rhizoctonia],FusariumandSouthernBlight.
TreatmentsToavoidthisproblemuseresistantvarietiesoruseTrichoderma[beneficial
fungus]fromtheseedsowingstage.Ifthefunguspersistsitwillhavetobeidentifiedandthe
appropriatefungicideapplied.Applythemaximumrecommendeddosage,aweeklaterre
applyTrichoderma.
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FoliarFungalDiseasesThisismoreprevalentwherethereishighrainfall,highdaytime
temperatureandcoolnighttimetemperature.ThemostcommondiseasesareAlternaria[Early
Blight],Phytophthora[LateBlight],Botrytis[GreyMold]andPowderyMildew[Leveillulataurica].
Treatment
a.
Start
with
good
quality
seedlings
b.Applyproperfertilizationprogram.
c.CheckwithRADAorJGGAforadvice.
Basicallytherearethreemainbacterialproblemswhichaffectthesecrops.
a. BacterialSpotXanthomonascampestrisThesymptomsaredarkbrownwithayellowishring,spotsabout2mm.indiameter.Ithasasoaked,oilyareainthemiddle
sectionofthespot;withinafewdaysthisareaoftheleafwilldieandtheplantdropsall
theinfected
leaves
to
protect
itself.
TreatmentUseresistantvarieties.
Goodqualityseedlings.
Usecopperbasedfungicides
b. BacterialSpeckPseudomonassyringaeSymptomsaresimilartobacterialspot.Itcanonlybedifferentiatedbythesymptomsonthefruits.
Treatment
Same
as
bacterial
spot.
c. BacterialWiltRalstoniasolanacearumThisdiseaseisseriousintomatobutpeppersarenotassusceptible.Thediseasehasgainedimportanceinprotectedcultivation
wheretemperaturesareusuallyhigherandcroprotationisnotproperlyperformed.It
usuallyoccursinfociassociatedwiththeaccumulationofwaterinlowspots.Common
symptomsarewiltingofupperleavesespeciallyonhotdays,thewiltedleavesmaintain
theirgreencoloranddonotfallasthediseaseprogresses.Underfavorablecondition
forthedisease,theentireplantwilts.
Treatment
None
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Virus
Atthefirstsignofaninfectedplantpullitoutastheinfectedplantcannotbecured.InJamaica
themajorproblemisaphidtransmittedvirus,sothebestdealistopreventtheaphidfrom
feedingand
transmitting
the
virus
to
another
plant.
Belowaresomebasicpreventionmethods.
a. Treatseedlingswithsystemicinsecticidefromthenurserystage,eg.Actara.b. RemovebroadleafweedsfromthegreenhousesurroundingsespeciallythosefromtheSolanaceaefamily.
c. Keepatleastoneoftheentrancedoorstothegreenhouseclosedatalltimes.d. Scoutinsidegreenhousedaily.Useclearstickytrapsinsteadofyellow.
RootKnotNematodesinTomatoesThesearesoilborne.Thesenematodes[Meloidogynespp.]areverysmallandwormlikewhichinfecttherootsystemoftheplants,damagingthe
tissueandreducingthecapacityoftherootstomovethewaterandnutrientstotheleaves.The
plantwilldieeventually.
Symptomsincludeelongatedswellingsoftherootlengthforminggalls,poorgrowthofthe
plantandwiltingduringthehottimeoftheday.
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RootKnotNematode
Treatment
a. Useresistantvarieties.b. UseanematicidesuchasVydate.[ContactJGGAorRADA]c. DonotallowvisitorsintheGreenhouse.d. UseFootbathwithadisinfectantsuchasbleachoriodine.
PostHarvest
Usefieldcratestoharvestinordertoavoiddamagestothefruits.Cleanthefruitsafterreaping
andstore
in
acool
environment
until
marketing.
Additionally,
clean
the
house
by
removing
all
fallenfruits,leavesandbranches.
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HurricanePrecautions
Jamaicaissituateddirectlyinthehurricanepath.Regardlessofthedesignormaterialusedfor
construction,withoutexecutingprehurricanepreparationmeasures,thegreenhousescanbe
destroyed.Theseareminimumpracticestobeadheredtointheadventofahurricane.
a. Plasticandnettingshouldbeinstalledtothegreenhousebymeansofatypeoflockingdevicewhichwillenablethequickremovalofthepiecesofthesematerials.
b. Removeplasticandnettingfromthegreenhousestructure.c. Afuelpumpandstandbygeneratormaybenecessarytosavethecropafterthehurricane.
d. Watertanksshouldbefilledwithwaterorremovedtoaprotectedarea.e. Ifbagsorpotsareusedforgrowingtheplants,theplantscanberemovedtoasafeareaorlayonthesideswithalightcovering.
f. Ifgrowingdirectlyinthesoilremovetheplantsfromthetrellisingsystemandlaythemflat.
g. Arrangetogetenoughlabourtocarryoutallthesemeasuresquickly.Conclusion
Greenhousefarmersheretendtoemphasizeonlythegreenhouseconstructionandforgetall
aboutthe
good
agricultural
practices
[GAP].
There
is
the
need
to
apply
all
good
practices
to
get
highyields.Tomato20lbs./treeandSweetPepper8lbs./treepercrop.
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READYFORSALEAND
HARVESTING
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BasicPrinciplesofPruningandTrellisingSweetPepperSweetPepperplantsareindeterminateplants,whichmeantheycontinuallygrownewstems
andleaves.Inordertomaximizeproductiontheplantshavetobeprunedandtrainedregularly
toensureabalancedgrowth.Pruningalsoimprovesaircirculationaroundtheplantwhichhelps
toreduce
diseases.
Thereareseveralrecommendedwaysofpruningalthoughsomefarmersevensuggestno
pruning.
Asnewleavesandlateralsideshootsdevelopfromtheaxilsofthenewnodesonthegrowing
stems,theyhavetobeprunedtomaintainthe2,3,or4main stemarchitectureoftheplant.
Thepepperfloweralsodevelopsatthenode, thatisthepointofthestemfromwhichleaves
alsoarise.Whentheplantdevelops23stemshootsatthefork,theplantshouldbeprunedto
leavethetwostrongeststems.
Astheplantgrowsanotheroneortwoshootsmaybechosen,togivethreeorfourstems.This
dependsonthevigouroftheplantwheretwo,threeorfourstemsarechosenforthelifeofthe
plant.
ChoiceoffruitsSomefarmersallowfruits
fromallnodestomaturewhileothersallow
alternateones.
Trellising
Eachstemwillgrowtoaheightofupto12
feetandrequiresupportinordertoremain
upright.Twinehungfromtheoverhead
supportwiresisusedtosupporteachstem.
Thetwineistiedtothemainstemabout10
inchesupfromthesoilorgrowingmedia,one
lengthoftwineperstem.
Itisimportanttokeepthepruningcurrent
withthe
development
of
the
plant
.The
stem
isbrittleandeasilysnapssopruningand
trellisingmuststartpromptly.Alsoproduction
willsufferiftheplantsresourceswere
allowedtogointounnecessaryleafandstem
production.Itmustbeemphasizedthat
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peppersareprunedtotwostems,andifpossiblemaintainsixfruitsperstemtomaintain
vegetativeandfruitbalance,evenifthefruithasminordamage,eg.ablossomendrotaffected
fruitshouldnotberemoveduntiltheotherfruitshaveemerged.
Unliketomatoespollinationofpepperflowersoccurssuccessfullywithoutanyoutside
pollination
assistance,
although
Bumble
bee
can
improve
flower
set
and
eventually
yield
and
fruitquality.Pruningisdonebyusingthefingersorcutterstoensurepreciseremovalofthe
lateralsandavoidinganydamagetothemainstemormainstemgrowingpoint.
Asuggestedmethodofpruning
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