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www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Core 5 Programme
Green Radio – Towards Sustainable Wireless NetworksApril 2009
Peter GrantUoE and Board MemberSteve McLaughlinUoE and Academic Co-ordinatorHamid AghvamiKCL and Board MemberSimon Fletcher
NEC and Industrial Steering Group Chair
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Presentation Overview
� The Current Status on Cellular Systems
� The Business Case for Green Radio
� Defining the Green Radio Issues
� The Mobile VCE Research Programme
� Research Areas and Key Deliverables
� Conclusions
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Why Green Radio?Operator & Manufacturer Perspective
� Increasing energy costs with higher base station site density and energy price trends
�A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW
� Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but with huge potential to save energy in other industries
�Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators)
� Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce
carbon emissions and environmental impacts of networks
�Vodafone1 - “Group target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels”
�Orange2: “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020”
1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf
2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Where is the Energy Used?
� For the operator, 57% of electricity use is in radio access
� Operating electricity is the dominant energy requirement at base stations
� For user devices, most of the energy used is due to manufacturing
RBS
57%
Retail
2%
Core
15%
Data Centre
6%
MTX
20%
9kg CO2
4.3kg CO2
2.6kg CO2
8.1kg CO2
Mobile
CO2 emissions per subscriber
per year3
Operation
Embodied energy
Base station
3. Tomas Edler, Green Base
Stations – How to Minimize CO2
Emission in Operator Networks,
Ericsson, Bath Base Station Conference 2008
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
UK Operator GSM + 3G Network Consumption
Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
GSM + 3G Cellular Network Emissions??
Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Retail
Data Centre
Core Transmission
Base Stations
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Mobile Switching
Source: Vodafone
Cellular Network Power Consumption Summary(from previous pie chart)
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Base Station Power Use
H. Karl, “An overview of energy-efficiency techniques for mobile communication systems,”Telecommunication Networks Group, Technical University Berlin, Tech. Rep. TKN-03-XXX, September 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www-tkn.ee.tu-berlin.de/�karl/WG7/AG7Mobikom-EnergyEfficiency-v1.0.pdf
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Power Consumption
Now (Possible)
Target (2010)
GSM
800W
650W
WCDMA
500W
300W
Source: NSN
Power Consumption per BS
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy Consumption
The Base Station is the most energy–intensive component of a 3G mobile network.
A typical 3G Base Station consumes about 500 W with a output power of ~40 W. This makes the average annual energy consumption of a BS around 4.5 MWh.
This is 10X consumption of a UK broadcast TV network!
A 3G mobile network with 12,000 BSs will consume over 50 GWh p.a. This not only responsible for a large amount CO2 emission and it also increases the system OPEX.
This is worse for China with 10-20 times number of mobile subscribers!
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy Consumption – The Challenge
Since 2006, the growth rate of data traffic on mobile networks has been approximately 400% p.a.. It is expected to grow at least the same rate in coming years.
This growth demands a much higher energy consumption than today.
The challenge is how to design future mobile networks to be more energy efficient to accommodate the extra traffic.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without significant increase in energy consumption
� Must reduce energy use per data bit carried
Number of base stations increasing
� Operating power per cell must reduce
Green radio is a key enabler for cellular growth while guarding against increased environmental impact
Green Radio as an Enabler
Co
sts
Time
VoiceData
Revenue
TrafficDiverging
expectations
for traffic and revenue growth
Trends:
� Exponential growth in data traffic
� Number of base stations / area increasing for higher capacity
� Revenue growth constrained and dependent on new services
Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge
� The Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders in the industry articulated the need….
“Arguably what is needed are wireless access systemsthat can support multimedia service data rates at
two or three orders of magnitude lower transmission
power than currently used. Performance of today’s
radio access technologies is in fact already
approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance
will not come simply from more traditional research
on single aspects of the physical layer, but will
require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking that challenges basic assumptions”Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07
� Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to:
� Take forward existing research
� Aim to achieve an international lead in this field
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Broadband Traffic on Mobile Networks
Revenue increase is not in line with traffic growth*
Average annual increase in traffic: 400%
Average annual increase in revenue: 23%
With the launch of HSDPA and the introduction of flat-rate pricing, data traffic is increasing
Traffic is growing faster than the revenue increase
The biggest traffic growth is seen at operators whose data pricing is more aggressive than the average
*Source: Stanley Chia, Workshop on “As the Internet takes to the air, do mobile revenue go sky high?,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, April 2008.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Possible Solutions Green Radio
Can we benefit from the use of the information below in the design of future mobile networks?:
� Mobility pattern (location, speed and direction of mobile user) information
� Characteristic of multimedia traffic (traffic classification)
Transmission power scaling (distribution) in order to use renewable energy for BSs.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Green Radio Scenarios
Two Market Profiles:
1. Developed World
� Developed Infrastructure
� Saturated Markets
� Quality of Service Key Issue
� Drive is to Reduce Costs
2. Emerging Markets
� Less Established Infrastructure
� Rapidly Expanding Markets
� Large Geographical Areas
� Often no mains power supply
– power consumption a major issue
Green Radio MVCE ‘Book of Assumptions’:
� Defines cellular, enterprise & home scenarios
� To galvanise targeted innovations
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Over a year, 1m2 solar panel produces ~400 kWh energy, or about 10% of a 3G
macrocell BS requirement (in London, < 5%).
Note that we never recover the embodied or manufacturing energy!
A combination of solar & wind sources, in a good location may provide the
energy requirement for a small (pico-femto) BS ?
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Industry Subscription/Gvt
funded Collaboration
Core 4, 2006 – 2008:
Efficiency, Ubiquitous
Core 4 cont., 2009 – 2011:
Instant Knowledge (Security)
Core 5, 2009 – 2012:
1. Green Radio
2. Flexible Networks
3. User interactions
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
GR Industrial Leadership Team
� Chairman
Simon Fletcher
NEC
� Deputy Chairman
Andy Jeffries
Nortel
Industry Steering Group – participants so far…
� Deputy Chairman
David Lister
Vodafone
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
GR Academic Leadership Team
Prof. Joe McGeehanDr. Simon Armour
Dr. Kevin Morris
Prof. Hamid Aghvami
Dr. Mohammad Reza Nakhai
Dr. Vasilis Friderikos
Prof. Steve McLaughlin(Academic Co-ordinator)Dr. John Thompson
Dr. Dave Laurenson
Prof. Tim O'FarrellDr. Pavel Loskot
Dr. Jianhua He
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Green Radio Programme Organisation
Industry Steering Group
Flexible Networks Program
2 Technical Work Areas - 48 Man Years
GR2: Techniques2 PDRAs, 7 PhDs
To identify the best radio techniques across all layers
of the protocol stack that collectively can achieve 100x power reduction
GR1: Architecture2 PDRAs, 5 PhDs
To identify a green network architecture - a low powerwireless network & backhaul
that still provides good quality of service
Energy Focus Group
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Target Innovations: Architecture
Establishing Baselines To develop a clear understanding of energy consumption in current networks and the network elements, base sites, mobiles, etc for the scenarios defined in the Book of Assumptions
Backhaul Options To determine the best backhaul strategy for a given architecture
Deployment ScenariosTo determine what is the optimum deployment scenario for a wide area network given a clearly defined energy efficiency metric
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Architecture: Technical Approach
Energy Metrics & Models
� Primary and derived energy metrics to accurately quantify consumption
� Communications energy consumption models for the radio access network (RAN) architecture
Energy Efficient Architectures
� For RAN technology, compare large versus small cell deployment
� Assess scenarios for placement of relay nodes
� Efficient backhaul in support of identified architectures
Multi-hop Routing
� Bounding energy requirements by strict end-to-end QoS
� Exploiting delay tolerant applications and user mobility for energy reduction
Frequency Management
� Identification of energy efficient co-operative physical layer architecture using emerging information theory ideas to remove interference
� Applying Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) to minimize energy consumption by utilising bands with low interference
� Solar-powered relaying allocating resources to match combined traffic and weather patterns
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Architecture:Energy Efficiency Analysis
Macro Micro Pico Femto
RRM
BER/FER vs Eb/No
Link Budget
Mobility/Traffic Models
Packet scheduling, handover, power and load control
Differentiated QoS, fast fading effects, UE speed, MIMO
Energy consumption is proportional to distance
User Equip (UE) movement, traffic types & mixes
Step1: Large vs. small cells applying the energy metrics
Step2: Overlay Source & Network Coding and/or Cooperative Networking
Step3: Evaluate optimum cell size from the following perspectives…….
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
1. Conventional
Cellular
Reducing Power Consumption Through Delay-Tolerant Networking
Fixed
Relay
Mobile
Relay
2. In-BuildingRelay
3. Multi-hopRelay
4. HeterogeneousRelay
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Applying Network Element Deployment Perspective
Wide scope: Macro-cells, relays, backhaul, WLAN.Also consider Embodied (Equipment Fabrication) Energy.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
33 month Task:
researchers split
to 3 areas
GR1-3:Multihop
6.25 MY
GR1: Architecture
GR1-1:Key Metrics
& Architecture3.5 MY
9 month Task:
All researchers
participate
Selection of Key
Metrics & Initial
Results on Efficient
ArchitecturesGR1-2:
Energy Efficient Architectures
8.75 MY
GR1-4:Frequency
Management3.75 MY
GR1-2 Performs
Overall Architecture
Assessment
GR1-3 and 1-4
Address More
Specific Issues
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Target Innovations: Techniques
Overall Base Station EfficiencyTechniques to deliver significant improvements in overall efficiency for base stations, measured as RF power out to total input power
Improving the QoS/RF Power RatioReduce the required RF output power required from the base station whilst still maintaining the required QoS
Optimization of a Limited Energy Budget Given a base station nominal daily energy requirement derived from renewable energy sources (e.g. 2.4 kWh -100W x 24hrs) determine how this would be best used for communication
Scaling of Energy Needs with Traffic Sleep mechanisms that deliver substantial reduction in power consumption for base stations with low loads and develop techniques that allow power consumption to scale with load
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Techniques: Power Efficient Hardware
3G Base station efficiency� Climate control 65%
� Power supply 85%
� PA / transceiver 45%
� Feeder cables 50%
Advanced base station architectures� Multi-mode and multi-standard
� Maximise equipment and base station re-use
Integration allows energy reductions
� Masthead electronics avoids cable losses
� Target > 20% overall efficiency
Advanced power amplifier techniques� Target: > 60% PA efficiency
� Develop envelope tracking method
Hardware Integration & Advanced PA Techniques
Baseline overall
efficiency 12%
Integrated remote radio antenna
� Masthead PA eliminates feeder loss
� Integration avoids interconnect losses
� Passive thermal cooling
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Techniques: DSP and Radio Resource Management
Interference Minimisation and Cancellation� Making transmissions more robust to interference to reduce
required transmit power levels
� Peer-to-peer communications between terminals can be exploited to share information about signals and interference toimprove decoding and suppress interference
RRM Techniques for Lower Power Consumption� Maximising power efficient utilisation of LTE RBS co-operation
and collaboration support.
� Robust Measurement reporting, Radio Bearer Configuration, Packet Scheduling, handover and Power and Load Control for energy efficient delivery
Novel Approaches� Network coding
� Application of Sensor network techniques, cross layer approaches grounded in standards (LTE, WiMAX)
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
GR2-5 Allows for
Top-Down “System”
Perspective
GR2-2:Resource
Management7 MY
GR2: Techniques
GR2-1:Investigation & Evaluation
4.5 MY
9 month Task:
Involves All
researchers
Identify Novel
Approaches using
standard RBS/AP as
baseline to improve
GR2-5:Novel Techniques
for Power Reduction~ 4.25 MY
GR2-4:Efficient Hardware
5 MY
GR2-3:Efficient
DSP6.5 MY
This task can vary in
size according to
results from GR2-1
GR2-2, 2-3 and 2-4 Address
Techniques across Protocol Stack
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Green Radio Deliverables
Year 1
� Workshop to discuss architecture metrics and promising techniques for power reduction
� Executive Summary on energy and power efficiency metrics and tradeoffs
Year 2
� Poster day presenting key results to date
� Reports on efficiency gains
Year 3
� Reports on Programme achievements for both Architectures and Techniques Work Packages
� Executive summaries of all key outputs from the Programme
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Our Process - engagement with Industrial Sponsors
� Monthly Co-ordination Steering Group (CSG) meetings� Progress management (deliverables, patents, publications)
� Internal and outreach event organisation
� Quarterly Technical Steering Group (TSG) meetings
� Meetings at which all Industrials have the opportunity to engagewith the Researchers on the detail of their research results
� Interdependent approach facilitated by well established MVCE processes with Core 5 enhancements
� Encouraging exploration of synergies with Flexible Networks. Both programmes contain activities in…
� Network coding, routing, adaptive and self-organisation
� Webex – Internet-based interactions between Researchers and Industrials, especially valuable for overseas-based industrials
� WiKi - promoting high awareness of leading edge of key radio access standards: LTE(-Advanced), 802.16 (WiMAX), 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and leading edge green technologies through the WiKi
� Industrial Energy Focus Group leading the embodied energy debate
� Open publication (after review), build patent portfolio for royalty free access by our sponsors plus external exploitation
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy Focus Group Concept
� Terms of Reference� Initially tightly coupled to Architecture Research Group
� Evolution of targeted questions
� Analysis abstraction for realistic industrial application
� What ‘energy’ metrics do we use to ensure realistic configurations & architectures result
Problem AbstractionProblem Abstraction
Relate to Real WorldRelate to Real World
Metrics / Metrics / OptimisationOptimisation
Real WorldReal World
Targeted Targeted
QuestionsQuestions
Book of Book of AssumptionsAssumptions
MetricsMetrics
Real World Real World
System System ParametersParameters
Evaluation Evaluation ApproachApproach
Architecture StudyArchitecture Study
Real World Real World CostsCosts
Real World Real World MetricsMetrics
Real World Real World ConstraintsConstraints
Energy Focus Group
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Example Meetings Diary for 2009
� For our Members and Researchers
� Education Day: 30th April
� To brief the researchers on the state of the art in industry and bring everyone up to speed on the Programme.
� Industry Quarterly Steering Group TSG#3: 2nd July
� Metrics Workshop: 9th September
� Review meeting for a key deliverable from the Architecture Research, all are welcome.
� Industry Steering Group TSG#4: 1st October
� Outreach Events
� Event prior to WWRF: 4th May at FT-Orange, Paris
� Support for Femto Forum Research Day:
� Aligned with the Femtocells World Summit, June 23rd - 25th, London
� Discussions ongoing with the Femtoforum.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Conclusions
�Green technologies relevance to business and politics will only continue to increase, Green Radio offers timely Industry driven research.
�Green Radio is a 48 man year programme run over 3 years that offers…�An in-depth and systematic study of architecture issues
to identify trade-offs in energy efficient network design
�Evaluation of Techniques across the protocol stack to select most promising approaches to reduce power.
�Green Radio will provide insights of value to…�Operators considering the impact of Green for future
networks deployments
�Equipment Vendors for identification of key techniques enabling green solutions.
www.mobilevce.com
© 2009 Mobile VCE
Thank you !
For further information please contact: Simon Fletcher
E-mail: Simon.Fletcher@EU.NEC.COMTel: +44 1372 381824or Steve McLaughlin Steve.McLaughlin@ed.ac.uk
+44 131 650 5578
Further information on MobileVCE contact:Dr Walter Tuttlebee,E-mail: walter.tuttlebee@mobilevce.comTel: +44 1256 338604WWW: www.mobilevce.com
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