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Green City Lab – Implementation of Green Infrastructure and Urban Planning in Germany
Chinese-German Scientific Symposium
June 18th/19th 2015 Berlin
Wolfgang Wende & Juliane Mathey
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Mathey & Wende
1. The Concept “Urban Green Infrastructure”
2. Functions of Urban Green Infrastructure
3. Planning Approaches
4. Conclusions & Discussion
Outline
Urban Green Infrastructure
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Definition Green Infrastructure (GI)
GI is a strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services (ESS) and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings.
GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, such as clean air or water.
One of the key attractions of GI is multifunctionality. One area can provide several ESS, assumed that the ecosystem is in a healthy condition.
GI can be an integral part of urban areas. Properly designed parks, walking paths, green roofs, walls etc. all contribute to biodiversity and to tackle climate change.
Green spaces in cities do significantly enhance the well-being of urban residents.
COM(2013)249 final
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Mathey & Wende
Urban Green Infrastructure Many Types of Green Spaces + Multifunctionality
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Green infrastructure typology / elements
Main Types Sub-types Main functions Characteristics
Public parks
and gardens
Urban parks and gardens
Country parks
Formal gardens
Informal recreation or relaxation
Community events
Horticultural or arboricultural displays.
Accessible, high quality design and facilities
More or less maintained
Include other types of green spaces e.g. children’s play areas and sports facilities
Private green
space and
gardens
House gardens
Forecourt gardens
Private use Enclosed and associated with a house or organisation
Natural and
semi-natural
green spaces
Woodlands
Urban forestry and shrubs
Grasslands
Wetlands
Water bodies
Derelict land or post-industrial land in succession
Wildlife conservation
Biodiversity
Environmental education
Areas of undeveloped land with residual natural soil and vegetation
Areas of previously developed land which is planted or colonised with spontaneous vegetation and wildlife
Green Corridors Walking and cycling routes
Road verges
Canals, rivers, streams
Old railway lines
Walking and cycling
Horse riding
Wildlife migration
Link green spaces together
Link to surrounding countryside
Can be used for leisure purposes or travel
Part of a designated and managed green space system or network
Urban Green Spaces Task Force (2002)
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Amenity green
space
Greenery at housing estates
Greenery at commercial buildings
Greenery at schools, universities, hospitals, public administrations, etc.
Informal and social activities
Improve aesthetics and provide visual amenity for residential and other areas
Separate buildings or land for visual, safety or environmental reasons
Close to home or work
Sunbathing, picnics etc.
Allotments,
community
gardens and
urban farms
All allotments
Urban agriculture
Community gardens
City farms
Gardening and growing fruits and vegetables
Promotion of health and social inclusion
Either in individual allotments or as a community activity
Provision for
children and
young people
Equipped play areas
Ball courts
Skateboard areas
Teenage shelter
Primarily for children’s play
Social interaction
Safe and accessible play opportunities
Usually linked to housing areas
Outdoor sports
facilities
Sports pitches
Tennis courts
Athletics tracks
Water sports
Outdoor sporting activities
Large and generally flat areas of grassland or specially designed surfaces
Cemeteries,
churchyards
and other burial
grounds
Cemeteries
Disused churchyards
Other burial areas
Burial of the dead
Quiet contemplation
Often linked with wildlife conservation and biodiversity
Urban Green Spaces Task Force (2002)
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Other functional
green space
Storm water retention area
Old landfills and dumps
Sewage treatment land
Environmental functions
Wildlife habitats
Often restricted accessibility
Add more types to the list as required by local circumstances or priorities
Public spaces Squares
Streets and residential roads
Car parks
Courtyards
Seafronts and promenades
Setting for public buildings
Location for public events
Connections for people and for wildlife
Designed for pedestrians
Adopted from: Urban Green Spaces Task Force (2002). Green Spaces, Better Places: Final report of the Urban
Green Spaces Taskforce, London, DTLR.. Scottish Executive Central Research Unit (2001). Rethinking open
space. Open space provision and management: a way forward, Edinburgh. English Nature (2003). Accessible
Natural Green Space Standards in Towns and Cities: A Review and Toolkit for their Implementation. English
Nature Research Report 526.
Urban Green Spaces Task Force (2002)
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Climate Mitigation
Air Qualtity
Urban Heat Island
Dryness Heavy Rainfall
Green Infrastructure – Regulating Services
Reflection and absorption of
solar radiation
Storage of CO2
Oxygen emission
Cooling down by evaporation and
shadow
Rainwater storage
Percolation
Flood retention
Moistening
Filtering dust and pollutants
Reduction of cooling energy
Biomass production
Source: Rößler 2012
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3.1 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.3
-1.7
Difference of air temperature (height 1,2 m) in relation to an asphalt covered site
2 p
m
5 a
m
10
pm
3.3
-1.0 -2.1
Potential Cooling Effects (ENVI-Met) 潜在的冷却效果
3. Green Spaces (绿色空间)
3.1 Green space with
tree canopy
3.3 Lawn
3.5 Green space with
medium tree canopy
3.7 Green space with few
trees
4. Brownfields (棕地)
4.1 Young brownfield with
pioneer vegetation
4.3 Older brownfield with
spontaneous wood
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Regional Level
- areas of origin and flow of cold and fresh air
- network of habitats
Urban-regional systems of GI
Urban Level
- distribution
- connection
- dimensions of different urban green space types
Urban system of GI
Local Level
Shape and functions of single urban GI elements
- vegetation structure
- function, use
- Maintenance
Local system of GI
Regionalplan Oberes Elbtal/ Osterzgebirge 2009
Flächennutzungsplan 2010, Stuttgart Bebauungsplan Nr. 345, LH Dresden
Multi-Stage Implementation of Green Infrastructure (GI)
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Green Spaces as a Guiding Principle
Challenges:
Improving ESS and Urban Biodiversity
Conflict: Compact City versus Green City
Urban Green Infrastructure
Open Spaces as Guiding Principle
Including Brownfields
Source: Rößler 2013
City of Dresden, Draft Landscape
Plan 2011
Example: Landscape Plan City of Dresden:
„Compact City Within An Ecological Network“
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Plan, Fotos: Landschaftsarchitektur Frase, Dresden
Aims
retention flood protection
adaptation microclimate
green provision recreation
Synergies
retention area with functions for recreation and habitats (biodiversity)
Multifunctional Green Infrastructure
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中德学生研讨会成果
(Results joint Sino-
German student
workshop)
CUMT Xuzhou 2008
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Sino-German Symposium Dresden Urban Ecology, Urban Development – between aspiration and reality (April 2015)
CHINA UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY (CUMT)
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Mathey & Wende
Conclusion and Discussion
Definitions on EU level have to be transferred on regional/local level. Concerning urban biodiversity the EU mainly focuses on the concept of ‚Green Infrastructure‘ (GI).
Here it’s about strategy development. In Germany landscape planning provides instruments.
The concept of GI follows the guiding principle of ‚network‘.
Innovative elements of GI can be found especially beyond classical green spaces, e.g. on urban brownfields (derelict land).
Different scales with different application levels should be taken into consideration.
Wende et al. (in press): Urban Ecosystem Services and Biological Diversity. In: United Nations
University Flores, TU Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development
(Editors): Proceedings of the Dresden Nexus Conference 2015.
Sustainability: Challenge of being compact and green
New approaches at overall strategic levels and smaller scales
Variety of green spaces types and multifunctionality
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