grammar parts of speech. nouns person, place, thing, or idea must be: –singular or plural (hat,...

GrammarParts of SpeechParts of Speech

Nouns• Person, Place, Thing, or Idea

• Must be:– Singular or plural (hat, hats)– Common or proper (hat, Fedora)– Concrete or abstract (hat, courage)

• Can also be:– Collective (team, herd, army)– Compound (fire engine, sister-in-law, flashlight)– Direct Address (Bill, go home.)

Match the Collective Nouns1. Herd

2. Army, Colony

3. Charm

4. Clan

5. Band, party, scold

6. Mob, troop

7. Pride

8. Float

9. Murder

A.Hyenas

B.Lions

C.Blue Jays

D.Crows

E.Hummingbirds

F.Kangaroos

G.Antelope

H.Crocodiles

I. Ants

Pronouns• Antecedent- the noun the pronoun is replacing• Types:

1. Personal (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)• 1st I, me, mine, we, us, ours• 2nd you, yours• 3rd he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, theirs, it

2. Reflexive (-self, -selves)• -reflect back on a noun in the sentence, end in –self or –selves

– Mr. Gustantino himself trained for the marathon.

3. Intensive (-self, -selves)• Intensify or add emphasis, unnecessary to the meaning of the

sentence– I myself dislike the taste of coffee.

Pronouns• More types

1. Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)• Point out specific people, places, things

2. Interrogative (which, what, who, whom, whose)• Questions?

3. Indefinite• Lacking specifics?

– All, both, few, none, somebody, nothing

4. Relative• First word of a clause that adds additional information to

the antecendent– Jeff saw a movie that was truly terrible.

Activity

• Pronouns– p 351 Ex. 16, 17, 18

Ex. 16, p. 351

1. Ithaca, which is in south-central New York, is located on Cayuga Lake.

2. It was settled in 1789.3. De Witt Clinton, the American statesman,

made his home in Ithaca.4. Residents of Ithaca find themselves

surrounded by natural beauty.5. There are many cliffs and deep ravines,

and their beauty is overwhelming.

Ex. 17, p. 351

1. Taos, New Mexico, sits in the hills near its neighbor, Santa Fe.

2. The city itself has long been attractive to visitors from other states.

3. They enjoy the beauty of the land and the sprit of the residents there.

4. At the Kit Carson Home and Museum, you can look at objects owned by Carson himself.

5. Literary buffs can occupy themselves at the D.H. Lawrence Ranch and Shrine

Ex. 18, p 351

1. Visitors who come to Houston find a thriving city in southeast Texas.

2. These are often people interested in the history and culture of the are.

3. Which would you like to see: the ballet or the opera?

4. The Houston Grand Opera, whose home is in the Civic Center Complex.

5. That is the theater of the Houston Ballet.

Verbs• Action- tells what action someone or something is

doing/will do/has done– I wrote a letter.– We walked home.

– Transitive/Intransitive?• transitive = has an object• intransitive = no object• Read the sentence to the verb and ask Whom? What?

• I wrote an email to my uncle.• She winced.• The student wrote quickly.

Verbs• Linking- links words at the end of the sentence

with those at the beginning or states the existence of something.– The movie was great.– Your shorts are in the laundry.– Kate is.

– Forms of the verb “be” and some extras sometimes:• appear, feel, look, seem, sound, taste, become, grow,

remain, smell, stay, turn– The tree grew very tall. (Linking)– The rose bush grew flowers. (Action)

Action or Linking?

1. Did you turn the pancake over?2. The evening breeze felt great.3. My neighbor grows peppers in her backyard.4. Jim looked everywhere for Jenny.5. Have you felt the material on the sofa?6. Her voice sounds so pleasant over the phone.7. Our dog always grows hungry at night.8. Those sneakers look very comfortable.9. The gunshot sounded the start of the race.10. The photographs turned yellow with age.

Prepositions/Prep Phrases• Preposition always begins a prepositional

phrase

• Last word of a prep phrase: object of the preposition– Must be a noun or pronoun

• Can be compound!– According to, because of, in spite of, in view of

• Most prep. phrases can be removed and the sentence will still make sense…

Prepositions• Types:

– Of Location (at, in, on)– Of Direction (to, onto, in to) – Of Spatial Relationships (above, across, behind)– Of Time (on, at, since, until, within)

• How many prepositions can you list?– 2 minutes

• aboard • about • above• across • after• against • along• alongside • amid• amidst • among• amongst • around • as • at• atop• before • behind • Below• beneath • beside • besides

•between •beyond •by •despite •down •during •for •from •in •inside •into •like •mid •near •nearest (as in "call for the location nearest you") •of •off •on •onto

•opposite •out •outside •over •past •re •round •since •through •throughout •till •to •toward •towards •under •underneath •unlike •until •up •upon •via •with •within •without

Two Word Prepositions• according to • ahead of • because of • close to • due to • far from • in to (contracted as into) • inside of (note that inside out is an adjective, not a

preposition) • instead of • on to (usually contracted as onto) • out of • outside of • near to • prior to

Three Word Prepositions• as far as • as well as • by means of • in accordance with • in addition to • in front of • in place of • in spite of • on behalf of • with regard to

Box the nouns. Circle the Pronouns. (Prep. Phrases)

Label Verbs (AV or LV)

Alexandria, Virginia was an early colonial settlement. It was founded in 1749. George Washington was one of its trustees and a part-time resident of the town, where he drew early maps of it in 1748 and 1749.

Box the nouns. Circle the Pronouns.

(Prep. Phrases) Label Verbs (AV or LV)

Nomadic hunters probably first entered what would become Virginia about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Almost 20,000 Native Americans were living in Virginia when European explorers and settlers first arrived.

Conjunctions• The glue of sentences

• Types:1. Coordinating (FANBOYS)

• Used to link words/phrases/clauses of equal weight• For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Conjunctions2. Correlative Conjunctions

– either…or– neither…nor– not only… but also– whether…or– Just as…so too

– Just as the smell of baking bread brought back memories, so too did the taste of the cider.

– Not only did his favorite team lose, but his favorite player was also injured.

Conjunctions3. Subordinating Conjunctions

– Used to show one part of a sentence is more important than the other.

– The idea in the main clause is more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause is less important. • Sally steamed the corn while Fred fried the steaks. • After the rain stopped, the dog ran into the mud to play. • The snowman melted because the sun came out. • Even though John fell asleep, the telephone salesman

kept talking.

Common Subordinating ConjunctionsTime Reason Concession Place Condition Manner

after before since when whenever while until as as . . . as once

because since so that in order that why

although though even though while

whereWherever

if unless until in caseProvided thatAssuming thateven if

as if as though how

Conjunctions4. Conjunctive Adverbs

– Easy to spot…look at the punctuation1. I like the red paint. However, the blue is better.2. I like the red paint; however, the blue is better.3. I like the red paint. The blue, however, is better.

– Very powerful! Use it carefully and sparingly!

Common Conjunctive Adverbs

also hence however still likewise otherwise therefore conversely rather

consequently furthermore nevertheless instead moreover then thus meanwhile accordingly

ConjunctionsWhat type is it?

1. Joe Montana excelled both in college and in the NFL.

2. Sara and Jeff are going to homecoming together.

3. Mr. G watches the Phillies whenever he can.

4. The film was cool; however, the book was great as well.

5. If we leave now, we will just make it.

Final Questions

1. What is the helpful acronym to remember all of the coordinating conjunctions?

2. How do we spot conjunctive adverbs?

3. What purpose does a subordinating conjunction serve?

4. Give an example of a correlative conjunction.

Interjections

Practice Activity

• Preposition & Conjunction worksheet

Adjectives• Modify: nouns and pronouns

• Articles– A, an, the

• Proper Adjectives– Canadian bacon, Keynesian economics

• Compound– Black-and-blue marks, sure-footed climber

Adjectives• How do you find them?

1. They describe/modify nouns and pronouns

2. Ask 4 questions of the nouns/pronouns• What kind?• Which one?• How many?• How much?

Adverbs• How do you find them?

1. ADV modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs

2. Ask four questions of the verb/adverb:• Where?• When?• In what way?• To what extent? (How?)

Interjection

• Expression of strong emotion

• Hesitation or placeholder– often set apart from the rest of the sentence

by a comma or !

• Ah, now I understand. • Lima is the capital of...er...Peru.• Hey! Watch where you’re going!• Hmm. I'm not so sure that’s a good idea.

Review

1. Noun2. Pronoun3. Verb4. Adjective5. Adverb6. Conjunction7. Preposition8. Interjection