grammar class vi

Grammar Class - VIModal verbs and punctuation

Bruno Otilio

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From last class: Nouns and Pronouns

Chair Desk

Airplane Water tank They are going to return theirs too.

Bruno is going to return his book Proper noun Possessive adjective

Subject pronoun Possessive pronoun

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Modal verbs are used to express likelihood, ability, permission and obligation. These verbs also show the speaker’s

attitude and its intensity.

Modals

1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular. 2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?'). 3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without ‘to'). 4: Modal verbs cannot be used with another modal verbs.

These group of verbs have an unique pattern:

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html

can could may might will

would must shall should had better

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Ability • My grandfather could play golf very well.

Obligation and Advice • You should stop smoking.

Permission • Could I leave early today, please?

Habits • When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.

(Will and Would)

(Can and Could)

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html

5 Source: Betty S. Azar

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Being polite

Subject I*

*The subject ‘I’ is always written in capital letters. It does not matter whether it starts a

clause or it is in the middle.

- May I borrow your cellphone? - Could I sit here? - Can I borrow your pen?

Subject we- Would you pass the paper? - Will you pass the salt? - Can you open the door? - Could you open the window?

Grammar tip!!!May is used only with I or

we in polite requests.

The word May is also used to indicate the fifth month of the year!!!

7 Source: Betty S. Azar

8 Source: Betty S. Azar

9 Source: Betty S. Azar

10 Source: Betty S. Azar

11 Source: Betty S. Azar

12 Source: Betty S. Azar

13 Source: Betty S. Azar

14 Source: Betty S. Azar

15 Source: Betty S. Azar

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18 Source: Betty S. Azar

How can we show degrees?

19 Source: Betty S. Azar

20 Source: Betty S. Azar

21 Source: Betty S. Azar

22 Source: Betty S. Azar

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25 Source: Betty S. Azar

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Would and used to; when to use?

27 Source: Betty S. Azar

28 Source: Betty S. Azar

29 Source: Betty S. Azar

30 Source: Betty S. Azar

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Semi-modal verbs:

How dare you?

Ought to Need

Used to Dare

Did you remember the modal verbs patter, which was cited previously?

They have no to-infinitive form nor -ing form Past form / -ed Modal verbs do not change form for tense or person

Semi-modal because in some ways they are formed like modal verbs and

other acts as a main verbs.

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Semi-modal verbs:

DareHe doesn’t dare (to) go there. (ordinary verb)

Dare anyone go there? (semi-modal verb)

Doesn’t he dare (to) go there? (ordinary verb)

Daren’t he go there? (semi-modal verb)

Need You needn’t take off your shoes.

Need we write this down?

You don’t need to mention this to your father

You needn’t mention this to your father.

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms

formal

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Semi-modal verbs:

Ought to*We ought to do more exercise.

Used to

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms

We ought not to have ordered so much food.

Ought she to call the police?

*For tag questions, should is preferred

over ought to.

There ought to be a speed limit here, shouldn’t there?

There ought to be a speed limit here, oughtn’t there?

It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.

Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?

Used to refers to actions and situations in the past which no longer happen or are no longer true. Be used to means ‘be accustomed to’ or ‘be familiar with’. It can

refer to the past, present or future.

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“Be aware to pick up the most convenient modal verb when you talk to your professor, boss, relatives or friend.”

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Ponctuation

Space

Period -> .

Commas -> ,

Semicolons -> ;

Colons -> :Quotation marks -> “”

Parenthesis -> ()

Apostrophes -> ‘Hyphen -> -

Dashes -> —

Ellipses -> …

Question mark -> ?

Exclamation points -> !

Slashes -> /

Ampersand -> &

Brackets -> []

I highly recommend the following sites: • http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/• http://www.tameri.com/edit/punctuation.html

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You can do this now!!!ability