global history regents review. the basics distinctive way they live called their culture...

Global History

Regents Review

The Basics•distinctive way they live called their CULTURE

•Civilizations tend to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM

• Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION

• Every civilization has some form of GOVERNMENT to keep order and ECONOMY to determine how resources are used

• Every civilization is affected by its surroundings and climate, called GEOGRAPHY, and develops strategies to deal with them

Belief Systems• Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic

– Mono = Judaism, Christianity, Islam

– Poly = Hinduism, Shintoism, Animism

• Philosophies

– Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism

• Moral Codes create rules

1. Judaism• Monotheistic

• Practiced around the world

• Torah = book

• Ten Commandments = moral code

• Basic beliefs = the messiah has not come yet

• Major figures = Abraham (founder) & Moses

2. Christianity• Monotheistic

• Practiced around the world

• Book = Bible

• Ten Commandments = moral code

• Basic beliefs = Jesus was the Messiah

• Major figures = Jesus (founder) Abraham & Moses

3. Islam• Monotheistic• Practiced around the world, centered in the

Middle East• Book = Qu’ran• Basic rules = Five Pillars (faith, pilgrimage,

charity, fasting, prayer• Basic beliefs = Mohammed was the final prophet

of Allah• Major figures = Mohammed (founder),

recognizes all previous figures as prophets

4. Hinduism• Polytheistic• Practiced in India• Book = Upanishads, Vedas• Moral code = Darhma• Basic beliefs =

– All life is sacred– Caste system– Reincarnation– Karma

• Major figures = No one founder

5. Animism• Polytheistic

• Practiced in Africa (traditional)

• Book = none

• Basic beliefs = – Gods in nature– Ancestor worship

6. Shintoism• Polytheistic• Practiced in Japan (traditional)• Book = none• Basic beliefs =

– Gods in nature– Kami– Ancestor worship

7. Buddhism• Philosophy• Origin = India• Practiced in China, Japan, SE Asia• Book = 3 Jewels• Moral code = Eightfold Path• Basic beliefs = equality

– All life is sacred– Reincarnation– Enlightenment – Nirvana

• Major figures = Siddhartha Gautama (founder)

8. Confucianism• Philosophy• Practiced in China & Japan• Book = Analects• Basic beliefs =

– Social order– Education– Five Basic Relationships

• Major figures = Confucius

9. Daoism• Philosophy• Practiced in China & Japan• Basic beliefs =

– Equality– “live and let live”

• Major figures = Lao-tse (spelled different ways)

Human Beginnings•humans first existed in AFRICA in the GREAT RIFT VALLEY

•MIGRATED throughout the world

• early humans were NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS

• NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION = farming and domestication of animals

Food surplus

Pop. Growth

Gov’t

Job specialization

Settlements/villages/civilizations

River Valleys• Develop near water

– Provide irrigation and transportation– Rivers provide silt for farming

• Common achievements = irrigation, writing systems, theocracies, large architecture

1. Mesopotamia

• Sumer, Babylon

• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

• No natural barriers = invasions

• Theocracies developed

• Achievements = Irrigation, Hammurabi’s Code, cuneiform, wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats

2. Egypt

• Nile River

• Natural barriers = Desert, north-flowing Nile, cataracts

• Theocracy = pharaoh is a god

• Achievements = Irrigation, hieroglyphics, pyramids, calendar to predict the Nile

3. Indus River Valley

• India

• Indus River

• natural barriers = Himalayas, Hindu Kush

• Unpredictable flooding, monsoons

• Achievements = Irrigation, planned cities, sewage system, wealthy trade with Meso.

4. China

• Huang He River Valley

• Very little farmland in China

• Natural barriers = Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Pacific Ocean = VERY ISOLATED

• Achievements = Irrigation, writing system

Classical Age• Ancient Greece and Rome

– Basis of modern democracy & law– Basis of Renaissance art

Classical Civilizations - Greeks

• 5th century BC highpoint

• impact of geography: fishing, sea trade, independent city-states lack unity and very little farmland due to mountains

• Golden Age of Athens

Direct democracy led by Pericles

Vs. militarism in Spartan oligarchy

•Alexander the Great – conquest of the Middle-East as far as India

•Greek Achievements = law & gov’t, geometry, architecture, philosophy, art

Rome• Geography

– Peninsula = Access to Med. Sea & trade– Mountainous North = little farmland

• Impact of geography– Use Med. Sea to communicate/conquer– Build roads for communication/trade

• Achievements– Law/representative gov’t, Twelve Tables,

Latin, architecture, engineering

• Pax Romana = Golden Age–Augustus = major emperor–Dictatorship–Bread and circuses

• Decline–Weak/corrupt leaders, empire too

big, invasions, high taxes, roads destroyed

Golden AgesA time period of political stability, economic prosperity, and Technological and Cultural Achievements!

1. Byzantine Empire• Was the Eastern Roman Empire• Political stability

– Justinian’s Code• Economic Prosperity

– World-wide trade• Technological/Cultural Achievements

– Spread of Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet to Russia

– Preserved Greek and Roman culture

2. Han Dynasty• Political stability

– Wudi = emperor– Confucianism = Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic

Cycle– Civil Service Exams

• Economic Prosperity– Trade along the Silk Roads– Monopoly on silk production

• Technological/Cultural Achievements–Invention of paper–Silk, jade sculptures

• Reasons for Decline–Weak leaders, empire too large,

high taxes

3. Tang/Song Dynasties• Political stability

– Civil service exams• Economic Prosperity

– Trade along the Silk Roads– Sea Trade

• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Gunpowder, block printing– Moveable type, compass

4. Islamic Empire• Political stability

– Abbassid Dynasty• Economic Prosperity

– Center of World Trade– Banking system

• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Mathematics– Medical books – Circumference of the Earth

5. Maurya• India• Political stability

– Emperor Chandragupta• Economic Prosperity

– Trade on Silk Roads• Technological/Cultural Achievements

– Spread Buddhism to China/SE Asia

6. Gupta Empire• India• Political stability

– Centralized bureaucracy• Economic Prosperity

– Trade on Silk Road• Technological/Cultural Achievements

– Arabic numerals– Earth is round– Small pox vaccination

Middle Ages• Feudalism = land in exchange for

protection & loyalty–Decentralized–Church is powerful

• System of mutual obligations• Rigid class system• Manorialism = economic system

–Self-sufficient manors

King

Lords

Vassals

Knights = warriors; chivalry

Serfs85% of the pop.

Systemof

mutualobligation

Emperor

Shogun

Daimyo

Samurai = warriors; Bushido

Peasants (85%)Artisans

Merchants

Vs.

Japanese Feudalism (1100s)

• Crusades– Holy wars (1096)– Christians vs. Muslims to recapture holyland– Creates a rise in trade, cultural diffusion, and

demand for goods from the east

Japanese Feudalism

• Result of geographic limitations

–Archipelago

–Oceans

• Tokugawa Shogunate

–Centralized feudalism

–Closed country policy

More Golden Ages

Mongols, Ming, and Ottomans

7. Pax Mongolia• China & Asia• Political stability

– Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan• Economic Prosperity

– Safe trade on Silk Road• Technological/Cultural Achievements

– Brings Europe in contact with Asia– Demand for eastern goods rises

• Impact on Russia: isolation & absolute gov’t

8. Ming Dynasty• China• Political stability

– Mings overthrow Mongols– Civil service exams

• Economic Prosperity– Silk Road & Sea trade– Exports: silk, porcelain, spices

• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Silk, porcelain, jade, Most of Great Wall– Zheng He explored & established trade

9. Ottoman Empire• Middle East• Political stability

– Suleiman creates law code• Economic Prosperity

– Controlled trade between Europe and Asia– Conquered Constatinople

• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Banking, canons, muskets, trade, spread

of Islam

Global Trade• Causes

– Italy (Florence,Venice) near med Sea. – Mongols, Ottomans, Zheng He

• Effects– Commercial Rev. = mercantilism, new

business practices– Emerging middle class– Age of Exploration– Renaissance

• Bubonic Plague (1350)– Brought by fleas on rats from China– Kills 1/3 pop. Of Europe– Economic decline

Renaissance• 1300s-1600s• Cause: Rise in global trade, middle class• Effects:

– Humanism = focus on human potential and achievement

– Artistic achievement = Michelangelo, daVinci– Literary achievement = Shakespeare, Machiavelli– Printing Press (Gutenberg) leads to rise in # of books,

rise in literacy, ideas spread quickly– Questioning spirit

Reformation• 1500s- 1600s• Questioning of traditional authority• Causes

– Sale of indulgences– Priests acting like kings– Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis– Printing press

• Effects

– New Christian denominations

– End of religious unity/Holy Roman Empire

– Decrease in Church power/rise of kings

– Catholic/Counter Reformation = RCC try to stop people from leaving

Ancient African Civilizations

• Traditional Animistic beliefs– Artwork reflects religious beliefs

• Ghana, Mali, Songhai CONTROL GOLD SALT TRADE

• Mansa Musa– King of Mali– Traveled to Mecca– Built mosques, spread Islam in Africa

Mesoamerica• Maya = Central America/ Southern

Mex.• Aztec = Central Mex. (Tenochitlan)• Inca = Peru, Chile (Cuzco)

–Built roads, bridges, step farming to overcome mountains

• Polytheistic, human sacrifices (except Inca) to worship sun god

Age of Exploration• Spain & Portugal = leaders• Individuals: Vasco da Gama, Columbus,

Cortez, Pizarro• Causes:

– 3 G’s– Seek new trade routes to Asia– Find natural resources– New navigational technology and weapons– Gain power

• Effects:

– Discovery of new lands

– Columbian Exchange = spread of disease, new foods

– Establishment of colonies = inhumane treatment of natives, mercantilism, Spanish social structure

– Atlantic Slave Trade

Age of Absolutism• Absolutism = rulers w/ complete power over

the people• Phillip II of Spain

– Religious persecution• Louis XIV (France)

– Palace of Versailles– Religious persecution

• Peter the Great (Russia)– westernization

Scientific Revolution• Geocentric vs. heliocentric

• Questioning of Church ideals of science

• Individuals: – Ptolemy (geo)– Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton (helio)

Enlightenment• Age of Reason• Questioning of gov’t authority and power• John Locke = natural rights, right to

overthrow the gov’t• Voltaire = free speech & religion• Montesquieu = separation of powers• Rousseau = common good• Wollstonecraft = women’s education/rights

The French RevolutionCauses

• Estates System = unequal distribution of land, wealth, & power

• Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette are weak rulers

• Economic decline

• Enlightenment thinkers provide new ideas

• American Revolution provides an example

The French RevolutionEffects

• Political & Economic instability• Constitutional Monarchy• War with other European nations

– Austria, Russia, Prussia

• Reign of Terror– Robespierre

• Rise of Napoleon• Latin American Independence Movements• Rise of Nationalism