g]kfn /fi6« a}+s · 5 as; @m afxo if]qsf] cj:yf -cd]l/sl 8n/_*-cd]l/sl 8n/ s/f]8df_ ljj/0f 2072/73...
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1
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cg';Gwfg ljefu
b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:ylt -cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfsf] tYofÍdf cfwfl/t_
cfly{s kl/b[Zo
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] klxnf] ;ft dlxgf;Dddf pknAw cfly{s kl/;"rsx?n] g]kfnL cy{tGqsf]
;dli6ut cfly{s l:ylt ldl>t /xg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf ePsf] nuftf/sf] jiff{ tyf 8'jfgsf
sf/0f jif{] wfgsf] pTkfbgdf c;/ u¥of] . lxpFb] jiff{ kof{Kt x'g] ;s]g . t;y{, s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf sd /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
u}/ s[lif tkm{, phf{, lgdf{0f tyf k'g/lgdf{0f Pjd\ ko{6g If]qsf] ultljlw cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] x'g]
b]lvG5 . s]xL hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsfn] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] Ifdtf pkof]udf j[l4 eO{
;du| cfly{s ultljlw lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L, g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof tyf
xf]6ndf ePsf] nufgL j[l4n] ;du| cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 . l;d]G6 tyf hnljB't
pTkfbgsf cfof]hgfx?df k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL a9]sf] 5 . plNnlvt sf/0fsf cltl/Qm, tLg} txsf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ ;/sf/ ;d]t u7g eO;s]sfn] lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] nflu ;xh jftfj/0f ;[hgf
ePsf] 5 . oL ljsf;qmdx?sf] kl/0ffd:j?k @)&$÷&% df ;Gtf]]ifk|b cfly{s j[l4sf] kl/b[io /xg]
b]lvG5 .
@)&$ df3 dlxgfdf jflif{s laGb''ut pkef]Qmf d''b|fkmLlt b/ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] #=# k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ %=)
k|ltzt k''u]sf] 5 . xfn}sf dlxgfx?df pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt b/df a9\g] k|j[lQ b]lvP tfklg o; jif{sf]
cf};t d'b|f:kmLlt jflif{s k|If]k0feGbf Go"g g} /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
ljQLo cj:yf s]xL sl;nf] /lx/x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] rfn" vftf 3f6f;Fu} ;du| zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt C0ffTds /x]sf
sf/0f ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rtLdf s]xL sdL cfPsf]n] ljQLo cj:yf sl;nf] ePsf] xf] . cfufdL lbgdf ;/sf/L
vr{df cfpg] j[l4n] ljBdfg ljQLo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'bF} hfg] b]lvG5 .
2
d'b|f:kmLlt / tna tyf Hofnfb/
pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
@)&# df3 dlxgfdf jflif{s laGb'ut pkef]Qmf
d'b|f:kmLlt #=# k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)&$ df3
dlxgfdf jflif{s laGb'ut pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
% k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf
vfB j:t'x¿sf] d"Nodf ePsf] j[l4sf sf/0f
;du| d'b|f:kmLlt ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf a9L
/x]sf] xf] .
vfB d'b|f:kmLlt
;dLIff cjlwdf vfB d'b|f:kmLlt $
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf vfB d'b|f:kmLlt )=@ k|ltztn]
C0ffTds /x]sf] lyof] . ut jif{sf]
t'ngfdf o; ;d"x cGtu{tsf] t/sf/L,
b'UwhGo kbfy{ tyf c08f, kmnkm"n, df;'
tyf df5f, £o" tyf t]n nufotsf
j:t'x¿sf] d"Nodf j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f
;du| vfB d'b|f:kmLlt a9\g uPsf] xf] .
u}/–vfB d'b|f:kmLlt
;dLIff cjlwdf u}/–vfB d'b|f:kmLlt %=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf u}/–vfB
d'b|f:kmLlt ^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . o; ;d"x cGtu{tsf] nQfsk8f tyf h'Qf, kmlg{l;ª tyf 3/fo;L
pks/0f, lzIff nufotsf j:t'x¿sf] d"No j[l4b/ ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf sd /x]sf]n] u}/–vfB d'b|f:kmLlt sd
/xg uPsf] xf] .
If]qut pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
If]qut cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;dLIff cjlwdf pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt t/fO{df %=^ k|ltzt, lxdfndf %=$
k|ltzt, kxf8df %=! k|ltzt / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf $ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
d"No j[l4b/ t/fO{df # k|ltzt, lxdfndf #=@ k|ltzt, kxf8df %=( k|ltzt / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf !=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
aS; !M jflif{s laGb'ut vfB d'b|f:kmLlt -;ft dlxgf_
ljj/0f d'b|f:kmLlt -k|ltzt_
@)&#÷&$ @)&$÷&%
vfB d'b|f:kmLlt -)=@_ $=)
!= t/sf/L -%=*_ @%=%
@= b'UwhGo kbfy{ tyf c08f $=^ &=&
#= kmnkm"n )=& #=*
$= df;' tyf df5f -@=$_ @=^
%= £o" tyf t]n -*=$_ !=(
;|f]t M /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ, df3 @)&$
3
g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt cGt/
@)&$ df3 dlxgfdf g]kfnsf] jflif{s laGb'ut pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt % k|ltzt / ef/tsf] $=$ k|ltzt
/x]sfn] oL b'O{ d'n's aLrsf] pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt cGt/ )=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf g]kfn tyf ef/tdf o:tf] d'b|f:kmLlt qmdzM #=# k|ltzt / #=& k|ltzt /x]sf]n] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf]
pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt cGt/ )=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
yf]s d'b|f:kmLlt
;dLIff cjlwdf jflif{s laGb'ut yf]s d'b|f:kmLltb/ @=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] d'b|f:kmLlt !=& k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf yf]s d"No cGtu{t s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] d"No
;"rsfÍ )=! k|ltztn] C0ffTds /x]sf] 5 eg] :jb]zdf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ ^ k|ltzt tyf
cfoftLt j:t'x¿sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ $=% k|ltztn]] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3NNff] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf s[lifhGo
j:t'x¿sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ )=* k|ltzt, :jb]zdf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ $=& k|ltzt / cfoftLt
j:t'x¿sf] d"No ;"rsfÍ !=^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o tna tyf Hofnfb/ ;"rsfÍ
;dLIff cjlwdf jflif{s laGb'ut /fli6«o tna tyf Hofnfb/ ;"rsfÍ ^=^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm ;"rsfÍ !$=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf tna ;"rsfÍdf
(=$ k|ltzt / Hofnfb/ ;"rsfÍdf %=* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . tna cGtu{t lghL k|lti7fg, lzIff /
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf pk–;d"xx¿sf] tna ;"rsfÍ qmdzM #^=# k|ltzt, %=* k|ltzt / !=# k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, Hofnfb/ cGtu{t s[lif dhb"/, cf}Bf]lus dhb"/ / lgdf{0f dhb"/sf] Hofnfb/
;"rsfÍ qmdzM %=^ k|ltzt, ^=^ k|ltzt / $=( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
afXo If]q
j}b]lzs Jofkf/
cfly{s aif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgf;Dddf
s'n j:t' lgof{t !@=( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=
$& ca{ ^@ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] lgof{t !%=@ k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf ef/ttkm{
!@=$ k|ltzt, rLgtkm{ &@=# k|ltzt / cGo
d'n'stkm{ !) k|ltztn] lgof{t a9]sf] 5 .
j:t'ut cfwf/df kz'cfxf/, h'6sf ;fdfg,
jg:ktL £o", wfuf], tof/L kf]zfs nufotsf
j:t'sf] lgof{t a9]sf] 5 eg] h';, cnF}rL,
lh=cfO{ kfO{k, pgL un}Frf, tfdfsf tf/ nufotsf j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t 36]sf] 5 .
4
;dLIff cjlwdf s'n j:t' cfoft !*=( k|ltztn] a9]/ ?= ^^! ca{ @# s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] cfoft ^)=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf ef/taf6 ePsf] cfoft !*=&
k|ltzt, rLgaf6 ePsf] cfoft !(=& k|ltzt / cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] cfoft !*=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
j:t'ut cfwf/df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, d]lzg/L tyf kf6{k'hf{, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ;'g, kf]lnlyg u|]lgo'N;
nufotsf j:t'sf] cfoft a9]sf] 5 eg] s[lif cf}hf/, xjfO{hxfhsf kf6{k'hf{, ;]lg6/Lj]o;{, lhÍ O{guf]6
nufotsf j:t'x¿sf] cfoft 36]sf] 5 .
eG;f/ gfsfsf cfwf/df jL/u+h eG;f/ sfof{no / s[i0fgu/ eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lgof{tdf sdL
cfPsf] ePtfklg cGo eG;f/ gfsfx¿af6 ePsf] lgof{tdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, cfofttkm{ ;dLIff
cjlwdf ;'Vvf aGb/ufx eG;f/ sfof{no / s~rgk'/ eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] cfoftdf sdL cfPsf] 5
eg] cGo gfsfaf6 ePsf] cfoftdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6f !(=$ k|ltztn] a9L ?= ^!# ca{ ^) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ^^=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf lgof{t–cfoft
cg'kft &=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] cg'kft &=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
lgof{t cfoft d"No ;"rsfÍ
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfdf eG;f/ tYofÍdf cfwfl/t lgof{tsf] PsfO d"No ;"rsfÍ (Unit
Value Index) jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df !=@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] / cfoft d"No ;"rsfÍdf !=( k|ltztn] j[l4
ePsf]n] Jofkf/sf] ;t{ (Terms of Trade) df #=! k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
dlxgfdf o:tf] ;t{ $=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . sfk]{6, klZdgf, cn}rL, £o", d';'/f]sf] bfnsf] lgof{t d"Nodf
x|f; cfPsf sf/0f lgof{t d"No ;"rsfÍdf sdL ePsf] xf] eg] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;jf/L ;fwg, 6fo/,
/]lk|mlh/]6/, Nofk6ksf] d"Nodf j[l4 ePsf sf/0f cfoft d"No ;"rsfÍdf j[l4 ePsf]] xf] .
;]jf
;dLIff cjlwdf s'n ;]jf cfodf (=^ k|ltzt / s'n ;]jf vr{ !(=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] sf/0f v'b ;]jf cfo
?= @ ca{ *@ s/f]8n] 3f6fdf uPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf v'b ;]jf cfo ?= $ ca{ %(
s/f]8n] artdf /x]sf] lyof] . ;]jf vftf cGt{ut ko{6g cfo ;dLIff cjlwdf @^=% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=
#& ca{ &* s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] aif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] cfo #)=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx
;dLIff cjlwdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx !=& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?= $)! ca{ #% s/f]8 k'u]sf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx %=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . v'b 6«fG;km/ cfodf eg] #=) k|ltztn] sdL
cfO{ ?= $^) ca{ *% s/f]8df ;Lldt ePsf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] cfo *=# k|ltztn]
a9]sf] lyof] .
5
aS; @M afXo If]qsf] cj:yf -cd]l/sL 8n/_* -cd]l/sL 8n/ s/f]8df_
ljj/0f 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75 ;ft dlxgfsf] k|ltzt
kl/jt{g
;ft dlxgf aflif{s ;ft dlxgf aflif{s ;ft dlxgf 2073/74 2074/75
j:t' lgof{t -Pkm cf] lj_ 36.62 70.39 43.80 77.37 52.23 19.6 19.2 j:t' cfoft -Pkm cf] lj_ 321.21 709.25 509.04 921.93 631.21 58.5 24.0 Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -–3f6f_ -284.59 -638.86 -465.24 -844.56 -578.99 63.5 24.4 e|d0f cfo 21.74 39.27 27.74 55.23 36.63 27.6 32.0 ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx 355.38 625.34 366.43 655.63 389.86 3.1 6.4 rfn" vftf art -–3f6f_ 147.13 133.88 -9.76 -9.35 -137.34 - - zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt -–art_ -145.86 -177.94 -34.34 -77.66 17.87 - - * zf]wgfGt/ tflnsf cg';f/ .
cd]l/sL 8n/sf cfwf/df cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfdf s'n j:t' lgof{t !(=@ k|ltzt / s'n j:t' cfoft @$ k|ltztn]
a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf j:t' lgof{t !(=^ k|ltzt / j:t' cfoft %*=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf e|d0f cfo #@ k|ltzt / ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx ^=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf e|d0f cfo @&=^
k|ltzt / ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx #=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] ;ft dlxgfdf cd]l/sL 8n/ ( s/f]8 &^ nfvn] 3f6fdf /x]sf] rfn" vftf ;dLIff cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ !
ca{ #& s/f]8n] 3f6fdf uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf] ;ft dlxgfdf cd]l/sL 8n/ #$ s/f]8 #$
nfvn] artdf /x]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ !& s/f]8 *& nfvn] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 .
>d :jLs[ltsf cfwf/df j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof -
k'gM >d :jLs[lt afx]s_ ;dLIff
cjlwdf $=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf klg
o:tf] ;+Vof ^=& k|ltztn] 36]]sf]
lyof] .
rfn" vftf Pjd\ zf]wgfGt/
l:ylt
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;ft dlxgfdf ?= !)
ca{ ^^ s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] rfn"
vftf ;dLIff cjlwdf ?= !$! ca{
^ s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dLIff
cjlwdf cfoft tyf ljb]zL
nufgLsf] nfefz+ e'QmfgLdf ePsf]
pRr j[l4sf sf/0f rfn" vftf
pNn]Vo 3f6fdf /x]sf] xf] . To;}u/L,
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;ft dlxgfdf ?= #^ ca{ (% s/f]8n] artdf /x]sf] ;du| zf]wgfGt/ ;dLIff cjlwdf ?=
!* ca{ @* s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf k'FhLut 6«fG;km/ ?= !) ca{ ^$ s/f]8 / k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cfk|jfx
?= !$ ca{ #$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf k'FhLut 6«fG;km/ ?= ( ca{ @% s/f]8 /
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL ?= & ca{ ^) s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .
aS; !M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+Vof
-;ft dlxgf;Dd_
s_ ;+:yfut tyf JolQmut -gofF / j}Bflgs/0f_
sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof k|ltzt lx:;f
b]z 2073/74 2074/75 2073/74 2074/75
dn]l;of 48674 68070 21.3 31.4 stf/ 76429 59282 33.5 27.3 ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; 32671 35813 14.3 16.5 ;fpbL c/j 49882 26592 21.9 12.3 s'j]t 7209 8796 3.2 4.1 ax/fOg 2292 2923 1.0 1.3 blIf0f sf]l/of 918 2785 0.4 1.3 cf]dfg 1813 1689 0.8 0.8 ckmuflg:tfg 703 901 0.3 0.4 hfkfg 1777 437 0.8 0.2 Oh/fon 79 77 0.0 0.0 n]jgfg 103 10 0.0 0.0 cGo 5579 9650 2.4 4.4 s'n 228129 217025 100.0 100.0
k|ltzt kl/jt{g -6.7 -4.9 - - v_ k'gM >d :jLs[lt
k'gM >d :jLs[lt 150882 148504 - -
k|ltzt kl/jt{g 13.2 -1.6 - -
;|f]tM j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu . >d :jLs[ltdf cfwfl/t .
6
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt
@)&$ c;f/ d;fGtsf] ?= !)&( ca{ $#
s/f]8 /x]sf] s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt
@)&$ df3 d;fGtdf @=* k|ltztn] sdL
cfO{ ?= !)$( ca{ @) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . s'n
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltdWo] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf
/x]sf] ;l~rlt @)&$ c;f/ d;fGtsf] ?= (@&
ca{ @& s/f]8sf] t'ngfdf @)&$ df3
d;fGtdf ! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?= (#^ ca{
@! s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
-g]kfn /fi6« a}+s afx]s_ ;Fu /x]sf] ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt @)&$ c;f/ d;fGtdf ?= !%@ ca{ !& s/f]8
/x]sf]df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf @%=& k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ ?= !!@ ca{ (( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . @)&$ df3
d;fGtsf] s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltdf ef/tLo d'b|fsf] c+z @$=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;l~rlt kof{Kttf ;"rsx¿
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfsf] cfoftnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf a}lsË If]q;Fu /x]sf] ljb]zL ljlgdo
;l~rltn] !!=# dlxgfsf] j:t' cfoft / (=* dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg kof{Kt /xg]
b]lvG5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg, s'n cfoft / lj:t[t
d'b|fk|bfo;Fusf cg'kftx¿ qmdzM $)=$ k|ltzt, *!=( k|ltzt / #&=^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . @)&$ c;f/
d;fGtdf o:tf cg'kftx¿ qmdzM $!=% k|ltzt, (%=@ k|ltzt / $!=^ k|ltzt /x]sf lyP .
sRrf k]6«f]lnod Pjd\ ;'gsf] d"No
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df sRrf k]6«f]lnod (Crude Oil Brent) sf] d"No @)&# df3 d;fGtdf k|lt Aof/n
cd]l/sL 8n/ %%=@) /x]sf]df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf !@=& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ k|lt Aof/n cd]l/sL 8n/
^@=@) sfod ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;'gsf] d"No @)&# df3 d;fGtdf k|lt cfpG; cd]l/sL 8n/ !@@*=#)
/x]sf]df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf &=& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ k|lt cfpG; cd]l/sL 8n/ !#@@=#) k'u]sf] 5 .
ljlgdo b/
@)&$ c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf g]kfnL ¿k}ofF cd]l/sL 8n/;Fu )=! k|ltztn]
clwd"Nog ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] b/ )=! k|ltztn] g} clwd"Nog ePsf] lyof] .
@)&$ df3 d;fGtdf cd]l/sL 8n/ Pssf] vl/b ljlgdo b/ ?= !)@=&$ k'u]sf] 5 . @)&$ c;f/
d;fGtdf pQm ljlgdo b/ ?= !)@=*^ /x]sf] lyof] .
7
;/sf/L ljQ l:ylt
ah]6 3f6f÷art
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfdf
gub k|jfxdf cfwfl/t g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ah]6 ?= @^ ca{ $& s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
;/sf/sf] ah]6 ?= !& ca{ (% s/f]8n]
artdf /x]sf] lyof] .
;/sf/L vr{
;dLIff cjlwdf gub k|jfxdf cfwfl/t s'n ;/sf/L vr{ ?= $@* ca{ ** s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] vr{ ?= #!# ca{ #) s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf rfn" vr{ ?= #$( ca{ &% s/f]8 k'u]sf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] vr{ ?=
@#& ca{ %$ s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf k'FhLut vr{ @* k|ltztn] a9]/ ?= ^) ca{ * s/f]8
ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ o:tf] vr{ ?= $^ ca{ ($ s/f]8 ePsf] lyof] .
;/sf/L /fh:j
;dLIff cjlwdf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s'n /fh:j ;Íng
!(=% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=
#*! ca{ #$ s/f]8 k'u]sf]]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf o:tf] /fh:j ^%
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?= #!( ca{
!% s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] . g]kfn
;/sf/sf] /fh:j ;Íng pRr eG;f/ z'Ns ;DalGwt cfoft;Fu ;Dj]bgzLn /xb}+ cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ! j6f sfof{nox¿, ;/sf/L sf/f]af/ ug]{ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf *) zfvfx¿, g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8sf %@ j6f zfvfx¿, PgcfO{;L
Pl;of a}+s lnld6]8sf #$ zfvfx¿, s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8sf @& j6f zfvfx¿, Pe/]i6 a}+s lnld6]8sf !@ zfvfx¿, g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 a}+s
lnld6]8sf !) zfvfx¿, Unf]an cfO{PdO{ a}+s lnld6]8sf ( j6f zfvfx¿, PgPdaL a}+s lnld6]8sf] & zfvfx¿, a}s ckm sf7df8f} lnld6]8sf # j6f
zfvfx¿, k|e' a}+s lnld6]8 / g]kfn a+unfb]z a}+s lnld6]8sf] @÷@ zfvfx¿ / k|fOd sd{l;on a}+s lnld6]8, ;]Gr'/L sd{l;on a}+s lnld6]8, ;flgdf
a}+s lnld6]8 / l;len a}+s lnld6]8sf] !÷! zfvf / lhNnfl:yt *! j6} sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{nox¿ / e'QmfgL s]Gb|x¿af6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] .
jS; #M cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ah]6sf] k|ult
-?= s/f]8df_
zLif{s ah]6
cg'dfg
;ft dlxgfsf]
k|ult* ah]6 cg'dfgsf]
-k|ltztdf_
s'n vr{ 127899.5 42888.4 33.53 rfn" vr{ 80353.1 34975.4 43.53 k'FhLut vr{ 33517.6 6008.4 17.93 ljQLo Joj:yf vr{ 14028.7 4761.7 13.58
/fh:j 73005.6 38134.3 52.23 * gub k|jfxdf cfwfl/t
8
;/sf/sf] gub df}Hbft
@)&$ df3 d;fGt;Dddf ;/sf/L 9's'6Ldf -:yfgLo txsf] vftfdf hDdf ePsf] /sd ?= *$ ca{ #%
s/f]8 ;d]t_ ?= #)! ca{ ^$ s/f]8 gub df}Hbft sfod /x]sf] 5 .
df}lb|s l:ylt
d'b|fk|bfo
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgfdf
lj:t[t d'b|fk|bfo &=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm d'b|fk|bfo
(=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . jflif{s laGb'ut
cfwf/df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf lj:t[t
d'b|fk|bfo !#=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ -ljb]zL
ljlgdo d"NofÍg gfkmf÷gf]S;fg ;dfof]lht_
?= !* ca{ @* s/f]8 -!=* k|ltzt_ n]] 36]sf]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm ;DklQ
?= #^ ca{ (% s/f]8 -#=( k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf ;l~rt d'b|f %=@ k|ltztn] 36]sf]] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] d'b|f $=#
k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf ;l~rt d'b|f (=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf]
5 .
s'n cfGtl/s shf{
;dLIff cjlwdf s'n cfGtl/s shf{ (=@
k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf pQm shf{ (=# k|ltztn] a9]sf]
lyof] . jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df @)&$ df3
d;fGtdf o:tf] shf{ @)=% k|ltztn] a9]sf]
5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf df}lb|s If]qsf] lghL
If]qdflysf] bfjL !$=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] bfjL !%=$
k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df df}lb|s If]qsf] lghL If]qdflysf] bfjL @)&$ df3
d;fGtdf !^=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
9
lgIf]k ;+sng
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf] lgIf]k ^=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf o:tf] lgIf]k *=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgIf]k !!=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
@)&$ df3df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] s'n lgIf]kdf rlNt, art / d'2tLsf] c+z qmdzM *=@ k|ltzt,
#^=^ k|ltzt / $#=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{{sf] ;f]xL dlxgfdf o:tf] c+z qmdzM *=! k|ltzt,
#*=& k|ltzt / #%=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
@)&$ k';df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] s'n lgIf]kdf ;+:yfut lgIf]ksf] c+z $$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL dlxgfdf o:tf] lgIf]ksf] c+z $*=% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
shf{ k|jfx
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 lghL If]qdf k|jflxt shf{ !#=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ !%=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . lghL If]qtk{m k|jflxt shf{dWo]
;dLIff cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] shf{ k|jfx !#=@ k|ltzt, ljsf; a}+sx¿sf] !*=* k|ltzt / ljQ
sDkgLx¿sf] $=* k|ltztn] a9]]sf] 5 . jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿af6 lghL If]qtk{m k|jflxt shf{ !^=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] nufgLdf /lx/x]sf] shf{dWo] ^!=% k|ltzt shf{ 3/ hUufsf]
lwtf]df / !$=^ k|ltzt shf{ rfn" ;DklQ -s[lif tyf u}/–s[lifhGo j:t'_ sf] lwtf]df k|jfx ePsf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] lwtf]df k|jflxt shf{sf] cg'kft qmdzM ^)=@ k|ltzt / !$=$ k|ltzt
/x]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|jflxt 6«i6 l/l;6 -cfoft_ shf{ ^!=* k|ltzt -?=#( ca{
*^ s/f]8_ n] j[l4 eO{ ?= !)$ ca{ #( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ !$=#
k|ltztn] a9]]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|jflxt xfo/ kr]{h shf{ *=$ k|ltztn] tyf cf]e/8«fˆ6
shf{ !)=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;dLIff cjlwdf l/on :6]6 shf{ -JolStut cfjf;Lo 3/ shf{
;d]t_ !)=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
t/ntf Joj:yfkg
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgf;Dddf v'nfahf/ sf/f]af/sf ljleGg pks/0fx¿dfk{mt\ k6s–k6s
u/L ?= !#) ca{ @% s/f]8 t/ntf k|zf]rg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ lgIf]k ;+sng af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\
?= $@ ca{ #% s/f]8, Aofhb/ sl/8f]/ cGtu{tsf] rf}w lbg] lgIf]k ;+sng af]nsaf]ndfk{mt\ ?= # ca{ !%
s/f]8, / l/e;{ l/kf]dfk{mt\ ?= *$ ca{ &% s/f]8sf] t/ntf k|zf]rg ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf ?= !)! ca{ !) s/f]8 t/ntf k|zf]rg ePsf] lyof] .
10
;dLIff cjlwdf o; a}+sn] Aofhb/ sl/8f]/ cGtu{tsf] !$ lbg] l/kf] af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\ ?= %$ ca{ % s/f]8
/ ;f]em} vl/b af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\ ?= #^ ca{ #% s/f]8 u/L s'n ?= () ca{ $) s/f]8 t/ntf k|jfx u/]sf]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ?= $@ ca{ #* s/f]8 t/ntf k|jfx ePsf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ?= @$ ca{ * s/f]8 a/fa/sf] :yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwf pkof]u
u/]sf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ?= %$ ca{ *# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] To:tf]
;'ljwf pkof]u u/]sf lyP .
;dLIff cjlwdf o; a}+sn] ljb]zL ljlgdo ahf/ -jfl0fHo a}+sx¿_ af6 cd]l/sL 8n/ @ ca{ #! s/f]8 v'b
vl/b u/L ?= @#* ca{ #* s/f]8 v'b t/ntf k|jfx u/]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ljb]zL
ljlgdo ahf/af6 cd]l/sL 8n/ @ ca{ ## s/f]8 v'b vl/b u/L ?= @%! ca{ !@ s/f]8 v'b t/ntf k|jfx
u/]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ @ ca{ &@ s/f]8 / o'/f] $ s/f]8 laqmL u/L ?= @*$ ca{ &( s/f]8
a/fa/sf] ef=?= vl/b ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ @ ca{ #^ s/f]8 / o'/f] (
s/f]8 %) nfv laqmL u/L ?= @^% ca{ %# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] ef=?= vl/b ePsf] lyof] .
k'g/shf{
pTkfbgzLn If]qtk{m nufgL tyf lgof{t lj:tf/df ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] o; a}+saf6 ;x'lnot
b/df k|bfg ul/g] k'g/shf{sf] pkof]u ;dLIff cjlwdf a9]sf] 5 . @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf ?= !! ca{ *$
s/f]8 o; a}+sn] k|bfg u/]sf] k'g/shf{ nufgLdf /x]sf] 5 .
e"sDk kLl8tx¿nfO{ a9Ldf @ k|ltzt;Ddsf] Aofhb/df cfjf;Lo 3/ lgdf{0f shf{ k|bfg ug{ o; a}+saf6
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ z"Go Aofhb/df k'g/shf{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:Yff cGtu{t @)&$
df3 d;fGt;Dddf ?= ! ca{ @& s/f]8 (! nfv k'g/shf{ pkof]udf /x]sf] 5 .
@)&$ df3 d;fGt;Dddf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 % k|ltzt Aofh cg'bfgdf k|jfx ul/g] s[lif tyf kz'k +IfL
Joj;fo shf{ ^@)# hgfn] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t ?= ^ ca{ (! s/f]8 shf{ aSof}tf /x]sf] 5
eg] ?= ## s/f]8 &# nfv Aofh cg'bfg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/–a}+s sf/f]af/
cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ;ft dlxgf;Dddf jfl0fHo a}+sx¿n] ?= ^($ ca{ !^ s/f]8 / cGo ljQLo
;+:yfx¿ -jfl0fHo a}+sx¿aLr afx]s_ n] ?= !$ ca{ #* s/f]8sf] cGt/–a}+s sf/f]af/ u/]sf 5g\ . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sx¿ / cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] qmdzM ?= ^(( ca{ @ s/f]8 / ?= @#( ca{
** s/f]8sf] o:tf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf lyP .
Aofhb/
@)&# df3df (!–lbg] 6«]h/L ljnsf] efl/t cf};t Aofhb/ @=^$ k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)&$ df3df #=(#
k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 . jfl0fHo a}+sx¿aLrsf] cGt/–a}+s sf/f]af/sf] efl/t cf};t Aofhb/ eg] @)&#
11
aS; $ M @)&$ df3 d;fGt;Dd jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] pkl:ylt
ePsf :yfgLo tx
k|b]z :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] pkl:ylt ePsf
:yfgLo tx
k|b]z ! 137 71 k|b]z @ 136 63 k|b]z # 119 71 k|b]z $ 85 45 k|b]z % 109 66 k|b]z ^ 79 25 k|b]z & 88 33 s'n 753 374
df3sf] $=!# k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf @)&$ df3df $=#! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf]
cf};t cfwf/ Aofhb/ @)&# df3sf] &=*) k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf @)&$ df3df !)=!( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
dh{/÷ k|flKt
o; a}+sn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ufEg]÷ufleg] tyf k|flKt ;DaGwL k|lqmof z'? u/fPkZrft\ @)&$ df3
d;fGt;Dd s'n !%* j6f a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ dh{/÷k|flKt k|lqmofdf ;fd]n ePsf 5g\ . o;dWo]
!!* j6f ;+:yfx¿sf] Ohfht vf/]h x'g uO{ s'n $) ;+:yf sfod ePsf 5g\ .
ljQLo kx'Fr
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
u7g ePsf &%# :yfgLo
txx¿dWo] @)&$ df3
d;fGt;Dd #&$ :yfgLo
txx¿df jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf]
pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zut
?kdf jfl0fHo a}+ssf] pkl:ylt
aS; $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k' FhL ahf/
g]K;] ;"rsfÍdf jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df ^=%
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf
!#*)=# laGb'df k'u]sf] 5 . @)&# df3
d;fGtdf pQm ;"rsfÍ @=^ k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ !@(^=@ laGb' k''u]sf] lyof] . @)&$ c;f/
d;fGtdf eg] g]K;] ;"rsfÍ !,%*@=& laGb''
sfod ePsf] lyof] .
lwtf]kq ahf/ k'FhLs/0f jflif{s laGb''ut cfwf/df !)=& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf
?= !,^!$ ca{ !& s/f]8 sfod ePsf] 5 . ahf/ k'FhLs/0f cg'kft @)&# df3 d;fGtdf &=@ k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ sf] cg'dflgt s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fu ;dLIff cjlwsf] ahf/
k'FhLs/0fsf] cg'kft ^@=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ o:tf] cg'kft ^$=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ahf/
k'FhLs/0fdf a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf / aLdf sDkgLx¿sf] c+z *!=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] hnljB't\ If]qsf] $=&
k|ltzt, pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg If]qsf] @=& k|ltzt, xf]6nx¿sf] !=& k|ltzt, Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿sf] )=!
k|ltzt / cGosf] (=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
12
@)&$ df3df s'n z]o/ sf/f]af/ /sd @^=$ k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ ?= % ca{ (@ s/f]8 x'g k'u]sf]
5 . o:tf] sf/f]af/ /sd @)&# df3df !$=# k|ltztn] sdL cfO{{ ?= * ca{ $ s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8df ;"rLs[t sDkgLx¿sf] ;+Vof @)&$ df3 d;fGtdf !(@ /x]sf] 5 . @)&#
df3 d;fGtdf o:tf] ;+Vof @!^ /x]sf] lyof] . s]xL a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ Ps cfk;df dh{ ePsf
sf/0f ;"rLs[t sDkgLx¿sf] ;+Vof 36\g uPsf] xf] . ;"rLs[t sDkgLx¿dWo] !$% j6f a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf -aLdf sDkgL ;d]t_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] !* j6f pTkfbg / k|zf]wg pBf]u, !& j6f hnljB't\ sDkgL,
$÷$ j6f xf]6n tyf Jofkfl/s ;+:yf / $ j6f cGo ;d"xsf /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8df ;"rLs[t z]o/x¿sf] r'Qmf d"No jflif{s laGb'ut cfwf/df #%=% k|ltztn]
j[l4 eO{ @)&$ k'; d;fGtdf ?= ### ca{ & s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf ?= !^ ca{ ^@ s/f]8
a/fa/sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/, ?= @^ ca{ #@ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] xsk|b z]o/, ?= !) ca{ $# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] af]g;
z]o/ / ?= #% ca{ !$ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] ;/sf/L C0fkq u/L s'n ?= *( ca{ !@ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] yk
lwtf]kq ;"rLs[t ePsf 5 .
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