gestalt visual perception ways to achieve unity proximity repetition continuation continuity unity...
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GestaltVisual perception
Ways to Achieve UnityProximityRepetitionContinuationContinuity
Unity with VarietyThe gridVaried repetitionEmphasis on unityEmphasis on varietyChaos versus control
Unity
Harmony
Harmony1 : Presentation of an integrated image
If the elements in an image look like they “belong together”, then the image is said to be harmonious
Harmony may come from:
• representational imagery
• abstract forms
Gestalt
Gestalt psychology
The study of how humans organize perceptual stimuli
The process of making wholes out of parts
“A design’s unity is more that the simple addition of its parts.”
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
Gestalt Principles
Figure / Ground
positive space / negative space
foreground / background
Completion (closure)
Continuation
Similarity
Proximity
Space
Space is undefined until it is activated by the placement of an object
Placing an element in a space creates a figure/ground relationship
Space is not yet defined
Space is activated
Figure & Ground
Figure: What is in our field of perceptual awareness Psychology: Figure
Art and Photography: Positive space
Engineering: Signal
Ground: That which serves as the surrounding contextPsychology: Ground
Art and Photography: Negative space
Engineering: noise
Types of Figure/Ground Relationships
Stable
Reversible (gestalt switch)
Ambiguous
Types of Figure/Ground: Stable
A B C
A: Centering a figure neutralizes negative space
B: Placing the figure off center activates negative space;
C: Bleeding the figure makes it more dynamic
Types of Figure/Ground: Reversible
Types of Figure/Ground: Ambiguous
What is the figure? What is the ground?
REM BER ERTH ISIFYO UPU TTH EINT ERV ALINTH EWRO NGPLA CEITC ANCA USEP ROB LE MS.
The interval allows the viewer to complete the action.
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabridge Uinervtisy, it deosn ’t mttaer in what oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoantnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is becuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
Most people will only see blank dots and lines. They usually will need a hint (it is a farm animal cow)
You can only see one figure at a time
http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking.htm
Closure
Closure: spontaneous human behavior in which the brain completes an unfinished or unconnected shape
Requires active participation by the viewer
Closure succeeds when there is careful manipulation of the spaces between elements
The interval is important in perceiving closure
Which image contains the most tension between the star and the square?
Continuation / Continuity
Continuation: the arrangement of forms so they are “continuous” from one element to another, leading the eye across space.
Usually a line, an edge, or a direction from one form to another.
Visual elements that require the fewest number of interruptions will be grouped to form continuous straight or curved lines.
What do you see first? Seeing a pair of X’s would require the fewest interruptions or changes. One can also see other characters, such as V, W, or M. However, they are more difficult to see because they require more visual changes. It is easier to see the slanting lines as continuous than discontinuous. To see them as discontinuous, one has to visually tear the gestalt apart.
“Nude, 1936” by Edward Weston. Image taken from Zakia, RD. (2007). Perception and imaging (pg. 51). Burlington, MA: Focal Press.
Similarity
Similarity: Visual elements that share common characteristics.
Types of Similarity
shape, size, color, movement, tonality, direction, etc.
How many groups do you see? How are the elements in the group(s) similar?
ProximityProximity: The closer two or more visual elements are, the greater
the probability that they will be seen as a group or pattern.
The smaller an area or space, the greater the probability that it will be seen as figure rather than ground.
Contrast between foreground and background enhances the figure/ground relationship.
- signal-to-noise ration
Figure
Figure
Grouping of Elements
No grouping. Without grouping of elements, the viewer has seven individuals elements to visually absorb. The format appears unorganized and the elements too complex.
Grouped elements. By grouping, the number of elements is reduced, which simplifies the composition and enhances the white space.
Grouping of similar elements. Rectangle elements of a similar width can be grouped.
Grouping of dissimilar elements. Rectangle elements of different widths can be grouped.
Negative Space and Grouping
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