geography of gender
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Geography of Gender
Demography and Health
• Longevity Gap: gap between life expectancy
• India and Pakistan: women live longer
• Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan: men live longer (WHY?)
• Sub-Saharan Africa: women die younger due to AIDS
• Global Norm: women outlive men
• Europe:7 years,• Russia: 12• South Am.:7• Sub-Saharan Africa: 2• East and Southeast
Asia: 4• South Asia: 1
http://www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map265_ver5.pdf
Helpful statistics and graphics to use in your classroom
Maternal Mortality: Who uses birth control?
• Maternal Mortality rate: poorer realms is 80 to 600 times greater, pregnant health risks, South Asia 650 per 100,000 maternal deaths, African women same
• European women: 3 per 100,000
• Why? Inadequate medical services
• Excessive number of pregnancies
• Malnutrition• 250,000 women die of illegal
abortions in Africa• WHO: World Health
Organization says women suffer from anemia, can’t get 3 times iron during pregnancy… GEOPHAGY
Maternal mortality
Female Infanticide India: 133 single men per 100 women
• Prenatal Gender Detection: ultrasound and amniocentesis, July 1994, Federal Law prohibiting pre-natal tests solely to determine sex of the fetus..male relatives push
• -want family lineage preserved
• -Hindu society oldest son lights the funeral pyre of the father
• -tradition of dowry: families receive payments from the bride’s parents
• Black market emerged for prenatal testing
• Highest in rural, poor sectors
• Dowry Deaths: father doesn’t pay the bride price to son-in-law’s parents and they kill the bride.
• 1989: 2,436
China one child policy
• 10 million men remain single in 30s, no women
• -gender detection tests, then abortions
• -food deprivation
• -denial of medical care
• -abandonment and murder
• -sold for prostitution
• Strict policy in urban areas so infanticide highest there.. More relaxed in rural areas to help with agriculture
Family Courts Act:for domestic disputes
• -old men judges believe in male dominated society
• -believe in Hindu belief in family and place abused women back into the home
Islamic Law
• -resurgence of fundamentalism• -severe Sharia Laws• -can’t go without veils or move without men
• Afghanistan under the Taliban:• -no girls in schools• -traditional clothing• -no music, no celebrations• -women stoned for adultery• -women couldn’t hold jobs
Education and Opportunity• 65-75% of Indian women
are illiterate• West Africa, women
control the markets, rest of Africa, women do not go to school….FEES
• Girls work with mothers 12 hours a day
• -collecting firewood• -collecting water• -weeding fields• (subsistence farming)WOMEN Produce 40% of
the world’s foodWomen work 80% on
plantations and farms in SubSaharan Africa and 50% in Asia
Work
– Maquiladoras: mostly women workers
• -more dependable than men
• -nimble fingers
• Most poor women in the world work in the “informal Market” or “informal sector”
• -making soap
• -cooking food
• -beer brewing
• -tailoring
Women Everywhere:
Job Discrimination
Occupational Segregation
Wage Inequalities
Gender: Biology and Social Situation
• Migration: Forced migration, women suffer with struggle for survival in refugee camps
• Voluntary migration: men form social networks, dominate decisions
• Education and Economic Development Reduce inequalities between the sexes.
• Women in urban situations have made progress: higher wages, better jobs
• Exception: Saudi Arabia: oil-rich, high-income society… women were just recently allowed to drive
Development by gender: How is it measured?
1. Gender-Related Development Index
2. Gender Empowerment Measure
Who creates these indexes?
UNHD
Gender-Related Development Index
4 factors similar to the HDI
1. Economic: average income
2. Social Indicators:-literacy levels
-education (school attendance)
3. Demographic:Life expectancy
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Economic Indicator: Income
Gender-Related Development Index
• -The rank of the Netherlands remained the same. (0)
• -The rank of Belgium is #7 but the HDI rank is #6. (-1)• -The rank of Iceland is #6 but the HDI rank is #7. (1)• -The rank of Japan is #12 but the HDI rank is 9. (-3)• Why would a country drop in rank from the HDI?
Nepal: GDI
140 59.4 59.9 26.4 61.6 55 67 891 1,776 -4What do can you tell about Women in Nepal?
-Women and men have the same life expectancy. Why?-Only a small % of women canread compared to their enrollment in school. Why?-Women make less moneythan men. Why?-What does the last figure mean?
China: GDI
94 73.2 68.8 86.5 95.1 64 69 3,571 5,435 5What can you tell aboutthe women in China?
-Life expectancy is moreconsistent with the global trend-Almost equal numbers of each sex attend school, although low-Literacy rate is high but lower for females compared to males-Males have a higher incomecompared to women, consistentwith the global pattern
Gender Empowerment MeasureHow is it measured?
• The GEM demonstrates the ability of women to participate and determine the power structure of a country
2 Economic indicators:
-% of women in professional and technical jobs
-income level
2 Political indicators:
-% of women in admin or managerial jobs
-% of women holding elected positions
GEM: Economic IndicatorsFemale professional and technical workers
Female to male income
Gender Empowerment Measure
Political IndicatorsSeats in Parliaments/National Legislatures
Administrators and Managers
Nepal: GEM
• No data .50
1951 1951 1952A 14.8 6 5.9
Due to lack of data on the GEM,
Data was found on the Political
Participation Index
China: GEM
20.2 .66
1949 1949 1954E 5.1 21 20.2
Data for China can be combined from the GEM and the Political Participation index to discuss the political power of women compared to men in China.
GDI and GEM of an MDC:Sweden
2 0.946 82.5 77.5 100 100 124 104 23,781 28,700 -
2 0.854 45.3 31 50 0.83
When comparing Nepal and China to Sweden, what differences can you detect?
http://www.grameen-info.org/
Microcredit
Micro-lending
What is the goal of providing a
micro-loan?
SUSTAINABILITY!!Providing for the current
situation and for future generations.
Grameen Bank: 16 Decisions
Frontline Videos about Womenhttp://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2005/07/introduction_to.html
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2006/12/pakistan_this_i.html
More Frontline Videoshttp://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/06/nepal_a_girls_l.html
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/flash_point/afghanistan/
Conclusions
• -Just like the HDI, the GDI and GEM divide countries into high, medium, and low areas of development.
• -Cultural norms can control the advancement or subjugation of women and their status in certain regions of the world.
• -Gender inequality in income, education, and political power is a global problem.
Sources• Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural
landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.• de Blij, H.J., Murphy, ALexander B. & Fouberg, Erin H., Human geography, People,
place, and culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..• Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. & Domosh, Mona, (2003). The human mosaic, A thematic
introduction to cultural geography. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.• Knox, Paul L. & Marston, Sallie A., (2007). Human geography, Places and regions in
global context. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall• Retrieved October 11, 2007, Web site:
http://womenwarpeace.org/Portals/0/Documents/hdr04_gender_indicators.pdf• Retrieved October 11, 2007, Web site:
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_207_1_1.html
• Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of• China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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