geographies of diversity in leicestershirehummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/code/... ·...

Geographies of diversity in LeicestershireSummary•The ethnic minority population, as measured by

non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 34,000 in Leicestershire and 79,000 in Leicester City.

•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,accountedfor89%and45%ofthepopulationofLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.

• IndianisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinLeicestershire(4%)andLeicesterCity(28%).ThegroupisclusteredintheeasternpartsofthecityinthewardsofLatimer,Belgrave,SpinneyHills,RusheyMeadandColeman.

•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupisWhiteOther,whichhasgrownrapidlyduringthe2000sinLeicesterCity(growthof160%)andinLeicestershire(growthof57%).

•TheAfricanethnicgrouphasgrownfasterthananyothercomparablegroupduringthepasttwodecades,butaccountsforlessthan10%ofthepopulationinallwardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.

•There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.

•TheIndiangroupisgrowingmostrapidlyinareasneighbouringthoseinwhichtheyaremostclusteredinLeicester,includingHumberstone;andinsomeruralpartsoftheCounty,includingGreatGlenandHoughtonontheHill.

•New measures in the 2011 Census show that Leicestershire and Leicester City are not becoming less British, as more people report a British national identity than report White British ethnic identity.

•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyisgreatestinthoseareaswhereethnicminoritiesaremostclustered.Thismayreflectadifficultythatasmallminorityofresidentswillfaceinparticipatinginthewidercommunity.

2%

3%

96% (includes White Other)

93%

89%

2%

3%

4%

1%

2%

4%

1991

2001

2011

White Other* White Bri�sh Indian Other ethnic groups

Total popula�on - 650,500

Total popula�on - 610,300

Total popula�on - 573,300

3%

5%

70% (includes White Other)

61%

45%

23%

26%

28%

7%

10%

21%

1991

2001

2011

White Other* White Bri�sh Indian Other ethnic groups

Total popula�on - 329,800

Total popula�on - 282,800

Total popula�on - 281,500

Figure 1.Increasedethnicdiversity,1991-2011

Notes:WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(4,100or0.7%)andWhiteIrish(3,500or0.5%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(400or0.1%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.

Notes:WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(3,600or1.3%)andWhiteIrish(2,500or0.8%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(400or0.1%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.

a)Leicestershire

b)LeicesterCity

LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)OCTOBER 2013

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The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby34thousandor160%inLeicestershireandby79thousandor94%inLeicesterCitybetween1991and2011(seeFigures1a-1b,Page1).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox,right),remainsbyfarthelargestgroupintheCityandtheCounty.InLeicesterCity,nooneethnicgroupisinthemajority.TheWhiteBritish(45%)andIndian(28%)arethelargestethnicgroups.Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingWhiteOther(5%),AsianOther(4%),African(4%)andPakistani(2%).InLeicestershire,theWhiteBritishethnicgroupaccountsforalmostnine-tenthsofthepopulation.ThelargestethnicminoritygroupisIndian,accountingfor4%ofthepopulationin2011.

Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.

Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire

Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitybyward,2011

Oadby & Wigston

NW Leicestershire

Melton

LeicesterHinckley &

Bosw

orth

Harborough

Charnwood

Blaby

0% - 5%

5% - 20%

20% - 50%

50% - 80%

kl

Leicestershire average - 4%Leicester City average - 28%England & Wales average - 3%

Percentage of popula�on

a)Indiangroup

Oadby & Wigston

NW Leicestershire

Melton

LeicesterHinckley &

Bosw

orth

Harborough

Charnwood

Blaby

0% - 1%

1% - 3%

3% - 5%

5% - 10%

kl

Leicestershire average - 0%Leicester City average - 4%England & Wales average - 2%

Percentage of popula�on

c)Africangroup

Oadby & Wigston

NW Leicestershire

Melton

LeicesterHinckley &

Bosw

orth

Harborough

Charnwood

Blaby

0% - 2%

2% - 4%

4% - 8%

8% - 13%

kl

Leicestershire average - 2%Leicester City average - 5%England & Wales average - 4%

Percentage of popula�on

b)WhiteOthergroup

Oadby & Wigston

NW Leicestershire

Melton

LeicesterHinckley &

Bosw

orth

Harborough

Charnwood

Blaby

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% - 35%

kl

Leicestershire average - 4%Leicester City average - 18%England & Wales average - 11%

Percentage of popula�on

d)Otherminoritygroups

Notes:Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.

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Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitybywardin2011.TheIndianethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinandaroundtheeastofLeicesterCity(seeFigure2a,Page2).MorethanhalfthepopulationinthewardsofLatimer(79%),Belgrave(65%),SpinneyHills(60%),RusheyMead(54%)andColeman(54%)haveanIndianethnicidentity.InLeicestershire,morethanafifthofthepopulationhaveanIndianethnicidentityinthewardsofOadbyUplands(44%),OadbyWoodlands(38%),OadbyGrange(33%),OadbyBrocksHill(29%)andThurmaston(23%).

TheWhiteOtherethnicgroupaccountsforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationinthewardsinthecentreofLeicesterCity,includingFosse(13%),Westcotes(13%),WesternPark(9%)andCastle(9%).TherearesmallerclustersofresidentsthathaveaWhiteOtherethnicidentityinLoughborough,MeashamandMelton(seeFigure2b,Page2).ByfarthelargestWhiteOthergroupintheCityandCountythatwaswritteninonthe2011CensusformwasWhitePolish.

TheAfricanethnicgroupaccountsforfewerthan1in10peopleinallwardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity(Figure2c,Page2).Morethan5%ofthepopulationhaveanAfricanethnicidentityintheLeicesterwardsofBeaumontLeys(9%),SpinneyHills(7%),Charnwood(6%)andCastle(5%).

AllotherethnicminoritygroupsaccountforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationintheLeicesterCitywardsofStoneygate,Castle,SpinneyHills,Charnwood,ColemanandEvington.Ineachofthesewards,nooneethnicminoritygroup,exceptIndianorWhiteOther,

accountsformorethan10%ofthepopulation.Thesewardsarethereforeverydiverseareas.Forexample,inCastleward50%areWhiteBritish,9%areChinese,9%areWhiteOther,8%areIndian,5%areAfrican,5%areAsianOther,3%areArab,2%arePakistani,2%areCaribbeanandtheremaining6%haveamixedorotherethnicidentity.

InLeicestershire,thereareclustersoftheBangladeshipopulationintheLoughboroughwardsofLemyngtonandHastingswherethisgroupaccountsfor14%and12%ofthepopulation,respectively.

Dispersal of ethnic diversityAlthoughethnicminoritygroupsareclusteredinLeicesterCitywardsandotherselectedwardsinLeicestershire,thereisevidenceofdispersaltowardssuburbanandruralareas.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershirewardsandLeicesterCitywardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.

ThereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwardsinboththeCityandCounty,exceptfortheWhiteOtherandAfricanethnicgroupsinLeicestershire.TheconcentrationoftheWhiteOtherandAfricangroupsintheCountymayreflectrecentimmigrationtotheurbancentresforemploymentandstudy.Thedeconcentrationofallothergroupsisduetomovementawayfromtheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclusteredandnewimmigrationtoareaswhere

Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire

Figure 3.GrowthinpopulationbylargestethnicgroupsLeicestershireandLeicesterCityinthewardswhereeachgroupismostclustered,andeverywhereelse,2001-2011

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

Indian White Other

Asian Other

African Indian White Other

Asian Other

African

Leicestershire Leicester City

Popu

la�

on g

row

th (%

), 2

001-

2011

Most clustered wards Less clustered wards

Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupincludeafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001withhighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’includetheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:

Leicester City - Indian:SpinneyHills,Stoneygate;White Other:Castle,Knighton;Asian Other:SpinneyHills;African:SpinneyHills.

Leicestershire - Indian:WigstonStWolstan’s,RavenhurstandFosse,OadbyGrange,Forest

Thurmaston;White Other:LoughboroughSouthfields,LoughboroughNanpantan,Misterton,LoughboroughOutwoods,LoughboroughLemyngton,LoughboroughHastings,LoughboroughStorer,LoughboroughAshby,MarketHarborough-Logan,LoughboroughDishleyandHathern,OadbyGrange;Asian Other:OadbyGrange,OadbyUplands,OadbyBrocksHill,OadbyWoodlands;African:LoughboroughNanpantan,LoughboroughSouthfields,LoughboroughAshby,OadbyGrange,OadbyWoodlands.

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Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.

Authors:StephenJivraj&NissaFinney

Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK

email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk

www.ethnicity.ac.uk

therehasbeenlessimmigrationbefore.Whenmoredataisreleasedfromthe2011Census,itwillbepossibletodeterminetherelativeimportanceofthesecomponents.

Theindicationswouldsuggestthereisaprocessofresidentialmovementawayfromclusteredareas,especiallyfortheIndianpopulation.ThisisbecausethewardsthathaveseenthegreatestgrowthoftheIndianethnicgroup(2001-2011)areadjacenttowardswithlargeclusters.Forexample,theIndianpopulationmorethandoubledintheHarboroughwardsofGlen(from75to450)andThurnby&Houghton(from216to818).ThereisalsodispersaleastwardswithinLeicesterCity.TheIndianpopulationincreasedbythegreatestactualamountinHumberstone&Hamiltonward(4,100)duringthe2000s.

Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiestheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:ineachandeverywardinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitythereisahigherproportionofthepopulationthatreportsaBritishnationalidentitythanreportsaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.The2011Censusprovidesnewinformationaboutnationalidentity,yearofarrivalofpeoplebornabroadandEnglishlanguageproficiency.

Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitywhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11)andcannotspeakEnglishwell.ThewardswiththehighestproportionofresidentswithaforeignnationalidentityarelocatedinLeicesterCity,includingCastle(30%)andLatimer(27%).TheaverageforthewardsinLeicesterCityis17%.TheaverageinLeicestershireis3%withthehighestproportioninLoughboroughAshby(16%)inCharnwooddistrict.CastleinLeicesterandLoughboroughAshbyarediversewardswherenooneethnicgroup,exceptWhiteBritish,accountsformorethan10%ofthepopulation.Theycontainuniversityhallsofresidencehousinglargenumbersofinternationalstudents.

Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.93)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.Castlewardhasbyfarthehighestproportionofresidentswhohavearrivedinthistimeperiod(20%).Westcotes(14%)inLeicesterandLoughboroughAshby(13%)alsohavealargeproportionoftheirpopulationwhohavearrivedinthelastfiveyears.

ThewardswiththeproportionofthepopulationthatcannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwiththeproportionwithaforeignnationalidentity(R=0.6).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareLatimer(23%)andSpinneyHills(18%),whichiswheretheIndianethnicgroupismostclustered.TheaverageforLeicesterCityis8%.InLeicestershire,onaverage,fewerthan1%ofpeoplecannotspeakEnglishwell,withthehighestproportioninLoughboroughLemyngtonward(6%).Thissuggeststhatthemajorityofthepopulation,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.

Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.

Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire

Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitywards,2011

CastleLa�mer

L'boro Ashby

Castle

WestcotesL'boro Ashby

La�mer

Spinney Hills

Lemyngton

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Foreign na�onaliden�ty

Arrived 2007-11 Cannot speakEnglish well

Percentage of resident popula�on

Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’onlyincludespeopleaged3andover.

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