geo-visualisation for local resource planning- a free / libré / open source approach
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Geo-visualisation for local resource planning-A Free / Libr / Open Source Approach.
Dissertation submitted to the School of Environmental Sciences,Mahatma Gandhi University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of
Master of Science inEnvironment Science an Management
during Fourth Semester
By
!aisen. ". #.Reg No: 130608
Under the guidance of
#r. $. %. &amachanraEnergy & Wetlands Research Grou
!entre for Ecological "ciences#ndian #nstitute of "cience
Bangalore$
School of Environmental Sciences
Mahatma Ganhi 'niversit(
)otta(am.
%une 008$
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'his Wor( is dedicated to:
$he *eople
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Declaration
I, Jaisen. N.D. hereby declare that the work presented in the dissertation
entitled Geo-visualisation for local resource planning - A Free / Libr / Open Source
Approach. is a Free / Open Source project completely, and no proprietary software
tools or softwareplatformis used in any part of this work. This project is submitted
to the School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Science in
Environment Science and Management is a genuine record of the work I carried
out at Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under
the supervision of Dr.:T. V. Ramachandra, during 2008 (February to June) and no
part of this work has formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or any
other similar titles of any Universities.
Place: Bangalore Jaisen. N.D.
Date:
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Geo-visualisation for local
resource planning - A Free / Libr / Open Source Approach is an original work done
by the candidate, Mr. Jaisen. N. D. in CES, IISc, Bangalore under the supervision of
Dr. T. V. Ramachandra, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc., and no part
of the dissertation has formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or
any other similar titles of any other University.
Place: Dr. A. P. Thomas
Date: (Professor & Director)
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY Tel : 0481-2732120, 2732620
PRIYADARSINI HILLS P.O., Fax : 0481-2732620
KOTTAYAM- 686 560, KERALA, INDIA. E-mail: sesmgu@yahoo.co.in
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Abstract
73rd and 74thamendments of Indian constitution have strengthened the
rural and urban local bodies all over the country, significantly. The role of localbodies in local resource planning is increasing, ever than before. In the context of
rural local bodies, the Panchayat Ra system and grama sabhas become
institutionalised by 73rdconstitutional amendment, and converted them to true
decision ma!ers in plan and development activities "hich serve local needs.
This "or! is an attempt to develop a simple spatial decision support
system, suitable for local area planning and developmental endeavour. #$## is
developed using %ree&'ibr(&)pen #ource soft"ares, as free soft"ares grant ultimate
freedom for it*s users to alter and to ma!e further modifications to adapt it for their
added demands. This ensures the technical feasibility and economic viability for
planning at decentralised levels "ith a capability to visualise decisions before
implementation.
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Acknowledgement
I express my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Dr. T. V. Ramachandra,
Centre for cological !ciences, Indian Institute of !cience, "angalore who
introduced this topic to me and, for his guidance, constant attention, critical
suggestions and personal encouragement in doing this work.
I take opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. #.V. $urura%a,
!udhira.&.!., 'ttam #umar, "oominathan. (, #arthick. ", and !indhu )rasanna and
all other mem*ers of nergy and +etlands Research $roup, i*rarian and staff at
Centre for cological !ciences, Indian Institute of !cience, "angalore for their kind
ad-ice, suggestions, and help during the pro%ect.
I express my sincere thanks to all the faculty mem*ers of !!, (ahatma
$andhi 'ni-ersity, especially to our Director Dr. A. ). Thomas, Dr. . V. Ramasamy,
Dr. Annie (athai, Dr. Retnamma for their kind suggestions and encouragement. I
would also like to thank to Rakesh. ). !, o*y )aul, !ylas, ". A%aykumar, my dearest
classmates, alumni and all other mem*ers of !! family for their encouragement
and help.
(y heartfelt thanks to (r. !ameer Thahir /Co0ordinator1 and (r. "alakrishna
)illai /(em*er1 of I'$ 0 Cochin, for clearing my dou*ts on setting up De*ian
$2'3inux and configuring )ostgre!4.
I express my sincere gratitude to Vimal oseph, Ani-ar Ara-ind, )ra-een. A,
and !anthosh Thottingal along with all other fellow mem*ers of !wathanthra
(alayalam Computing, for their timely help on resol-ing software related pro*lems
during the pro%ect.
I ha-e no words to express my sincere thanks to (r. !a%ith V. #. /$eo0
informatics di-ision, #TR52, Thiru-ananthapuram1 who helped me to o-ercome
the initial hitch on $RA!! $I! and introducing me to -arious 6ree 3 5pen source
geo0-isualisation tools, and without his encouragement and supporti-e mind, the
entire pro%ect might ha-e *een impossi*le.
+ithout adopting a gi-e and take policy with the user groups and mailing
lists, a free software pro%ect would *e hard to complete. I here*y mentioning all
ii
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the mem*ers of the the three user groups namely de*ian0user7lists.de*ian.org,
pgs8l0general7postgres8l.org and ka0map0users7lists.maptools.org with deep
sense of gratitude, where I recei-ed timely solutions on the software related
pro*lems. I would remem*er (r. ohan Van de +auw at a*oratory of !oil !cience,
'ni-ersiteit $ent, "elgium, oren9o "ecchi, Alessio Di oren9o, uca Casagrande
and )eteris "runs at ka0map0users7lists.maptools.orgwith gratitude, for their nice
tips on ka0map.
I express my sincere gratitude to . Dinesan, !ree !ankaracharya
'ni-ersity of !anskrit, #alady, who helped me to clarify some dou*ts on the
historical *ackground of the study area.
(y dearest mother, father, sister and other mem*ers of my family ha-e
*een of immense help to me with encouragement. I remem*er them with deep
sense of inde*tedness.
- Jaisen. N. D.
iii
mailto:debian-user@lists.debian.orgmailto:pgsql-general@postgresql.orgmailto:ka-map-users@lists.maptools.orgTmailto:ka-map-users@lists.maptools.orgTmailto:ka-map-users@lists.maptools.orgTmailto:pgsql-general@postgresql.orgmailto:ka-map-users@lists.maptools.orgTmailto:ka-map-users@lists.maptools.orgTmailto:debian-user@lists.debian.org -
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Contents
Chapter TitlePageNo.
1. Introduction +
+.+. $ecentralised planning +
+.. -eovisualisation
+.3. -I# and -eodatabase 3
+.4. /ategories of soft"are technologies 4
+.4.+. %ree&'ibr(&)pen #ource #oft"are 0
+.4.. Proprietary soft"are 0
+.0. #election of right soft"are tools in the context of panchayats 1
2. Objecties 2
!. "tud# area +
3.+. Physiography +
3.. istory +
3.3. Trivia ++
3.4. Present status ++
3.0. 5griculture, environment and life +4
3.1. Panchayat Ra experiments +1
3.7. $ecision ma!ing in /heruvannur -rama Panchayat +1
3.7.+. -rama sabha and it*s importance +7
3.7.. $evelopment seminar +7
3.7.3. Planma!ing grama sabha +7
3.7.4. /onventional method and limitations +6
$. %eie& o' (iterature
). *asic database concepts 1
0.+. $atabase as a system 7
0.. $esigning databases 7
0.3. Relational data model 70.4. ntity Relationship $iagram 3
0.0. 8ormalisation 3+
0.1. $atabase integrity 3
0.7. /omputer based record !eeping systems 33
0.6. /urrent #cenario 34
0.2. 8eed for local level geodatabase and geovisualisation 34
+. Cartograph#, eo databases and eoin'oratics 30
1.+. 9ap proections 371.. -eoinformatics 4
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Chapter TitlePageNo.
1.3. Recent trends in -I# 43
1.4. -eo database 43
1.4.+. /haracteristics of spatial databases 43/. 0ethodolog# 40
7.+. $ata collection 40
7.. #etting up & upgradation of ard"are 40
7.3. #etting up the soft"are environment 41
7.3.+. Installation of operating system 41
7.3.. Post install configuration of operating system 41
7.3.:a;. 5dding addresses of essential soft"are locations to the
system*s source list' and Post-I# 42
7.3.3:c;. Installation and configuration of -R5## 1..3 07.3.3:d;. Installation of >uantum -I# .2. 0+
7.3.3:e;. Installation of 9ap#erver 0+
7.4. #canning and photographing maps 0+
7.0. -eoreferencing maps 0
7.1. $igitisation of vector layers 07
7.7. /reating database and attribute tables in Postgre#>' 02
7.7.+. Installation of a frontend to Postgre#>' database 1
7.6. /orrection and completion of attribute tables and data entry 17.2. /reating base maps 1+
7.2.+. /reating shaded relief map 1+
7.2.. /reating land use map 13
7.2.3. /onverting the base map tif images to -eoTI% format 13
7.2.4. xporting vector layers as shapefile format 14
7.+. #etting up visualisation 10
. %esults and Discussion 17
. Conclusion 6013. 4uture scope o' &or5 61
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"l. No. %e'erence and Anne6urePageNo.
1. %e'erence 67
2. ANN789%7 - I 2+
!. ANN789%7 - II 2$. ANN789%7 : III 23
). ANN789%7 : I; 27
+. ANN789%7 : ; ++
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(ist o' 'igures
4ig.No. DescriptionPage.No.
+.+. /ategories of soft"ares. 0
3.+. 'ocation of study area. +3.. )ffice of the /heruvannur -rama panchayat. +
3.3. -ovt. Public ealth /entre, 5vala. +
3.4. -ovt. 5yurveda ospital, /heruvannur. +3
3.0. 5ngan"adi centre, 8irappam !unnu. +3
3.1 -ovt. =. P. #chool, /heruvannur. +3
3.7. ?alayarott !avu< 5 sacred grove in /heruvannur. +4
3.6. Parappu@ha Pandi< Paddy field. +4
3.2. 5vala Pandi< Paddy field. +03.+. Auttiyadi river< #cene near 5vala. +0
3.++. #cene from river sand mining site, /haniyam !adavu. +0
3.+. Beir near Aanhira!!uni. +1
0.+. 5 relational database model. 6
0..R $iagram depicting the decision ma!ing process related to
the plan and development activities in -rama Panchayat.3+
0.3. ssential components of a $C9#. 34
1.+. 9ap of /heruvannur grama panchayat sho"ing commonfeatures.
31
1.. The arth surface sho"ing surface irregularity. 36
1.3. arth*s ellipsoid, geoid, and t"o types of vertical deflection 4+
1.4. $ifference bet"een global and local ellipsoids 4
1.0. $esign of a "eb based -eodatabase. 44
7.+. -eoreferencing in -R5## steps. 03
7.. $iagrammatic representation of visualisation setup. 11
6.+. Coundary lines of /heruvannur village in /heruvannur -ramaPanchayat.
17
6../ontours of /heruvannur -rama Panchayat at + meters
interval.16
6.3. 'and use pattern of /heruvannur -rama Panchayat. 16
6.4. Bard boundaries of /heruvannur -rama Panchayat :0;. 12
6.0. Bard boundaries of /heruvannur -rama Panchayat :0+;. 12
6.1. #tream channels :drainage;. 7
6.7. Rivers and ponds. 76.6. Irrigation canals. 7+
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6.2. #acred groves. 7+
6.+.Bater resource development structures & Bater flo" control
structures.7
6.++. #ub "atershed boundaries in Auttiyadi river "atershed area. 7
6.+. -eneral public facilities D -overnment offices, Ration shops, etc. 73
6.+3. 9edical facilities. 73
6.+4. ducation facilities. 74
6.+0. /hild development 5ngan"adi centres. 74
6.+1. /ommunication facilities. 70
6.+7. nergy D position of transformers and .T. 'ine. 70
6.+6. Roads. 71
6.+2. Place names. 71
6.. $9. 77
6.+. #haded relief. 77
6.. #haded relief map. 76
6.3. Rasterised vector layer land use. 76
6.4. 'and use map land use pattern of the grama panchayat area. 72
6.0.#patial $ecision #upport #ystem for /heruvannur -rama
Panchayat.6
6.1. 'ayer selection D roads and place names. 6+
6.7. Identify and Euery facility. 6+
6.6. #earch facility. 6
6.2. $isplay at scale D +
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1. Introduction
1.1. Decentralised planning:
The word decentralisation indicates the presence of something at the
centre, from there it may be dispersed. The planning and developmental activity
carried out through decentralised way is referred as decentralised planning.
Governments favour the concept of decentralisation because it implies the hope of
opening the blockages of an inert central bureaucracy, giving more direct access
for the people to the government and the government to the people, which
essentially stimulate the entire nation to participate in national development plans
(Mahwood, !!"#. $ecentralisation is a natural indispensable counterpart topluralistic democracy, that is, it e%tends the work of democracy and fulfils
democratic aspirations (&eddy, '.. ) abelo, T., !!*#. +%periments in
decentralised planning in many parts of the world show that this way of approach
has the capacity to serve local needs. $ecentralisation significantly changed public
investment patterns in olivia. Throughout the country, investment changed
unambiguously in education, water and sanitation, water management, agriculture
and urban development after the !!- reform. nd these shifts are strongly and
positively related to real local needs. /n education, water and sanitation, water
management, and agriculture, post0decentralisation investments are higher where
illiteracy rates are higher, water and sewerage connection rates lower, and
malnutrition a greater risk, respectively (1aguet, 2.'., 344-#.
/n /ndia, ideology of decentralisation by the term gram swaraj was
introduced by Mahatma Gandhi, in pre0independence age. ut e%periments on
decentralisation were taking place in isolated places of the country even before
independence, especially in parts of the states of 5arnataka and 5erala (aito, 6. )
5ato, &. 3447#.
mbitious decentralisation efforts have been started nationwide, after
passing a series of amendments in the constitution. The passing of the *" rd and
*-thconstitution amendments came in to effect in !!", which institutionalised and
empowered the rural representative bodies 8 the 'anchayats (2ohnson, 6., 344"#.
+ventually, decentralised planning started to mediate through panchayats.
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The *"rd amendment to the constitution of /ndia delegated power to its
states to pass acts to establish grama sabha and panchayat ra9 system with two or
three tiers and to transfer powers to them (*- thamendment is related with urban
local bodies#. This gave birth to acts related to panchayat ra9 nationwide, and
established the local self government institutions in the states spanning from
village, intermediate, and district levels. +stablished as the "rd stratum of
governance in /ndia, with constitutional provisions, panchayats and grama sabhas
have to take different sorts of decisions on developmental activities and implement
them.
$ecision making on developmental activities, entail planning that depends
upon the availability of reliable and accurate data. $ata re:uired for natural
resource planning is spatial data such as, information of physiography of the area,
land use, what assets where situated, what ever things are affected with a
particular pro9ect or decision etc., with an attribute information. Geographic
information system (G/# with a capability of handling spatial data helps in the
analysis and visualisation of results effectively, and aids decision making process.
patial visualisation of all the important assets, general physiography of
the area, land use etc., based on a geo0database will be an added support fordecision makers. s the imagination power and knowledge in different sub9ects
varies from person to person, there may have chances of communication gaps
between different stake holders.
There are many live e%amples around the world, of successful usage of G/
for solving decision making problems especially in the field of planning for
e%ample, those in various authorities in Greece, Germany, and 'ortugal (Masser
etal, !!;#. /n /ndia, there are online map services and G/ based information
systems for few regions like Mumbai metropolitan area and
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assumptions or hypotheses, and through this way, it help the user to develop
solutions for problems and construct knowledge, particularly on a defined
geographical area.
5ey parts in a geo0visualisation are maps (spatial data#, associated attribute
data and linked graphical visualisation. /t is a set of hardware and software tools
and techni:ues which support geo0spatial data analysis through the use of
interactive visualisation.
Geographic visualisation or geo0visualisation is defined as The interface
between cartography and scientific visualisation, and between technology for
mapping and ways in which mapping can facilitate geographic thinking
(Mac+achren, . M. and Monmonier, M. !!3#.
Geo0visualisation has been developed essentially with the help of G/. G/,
Geo0database and Geo0visualisation are increasingly used in various fields, a few of
them are
. $ata storage and distribution alternatives
3. +nvironmental studies.". Military > /ntelligence applications
-. Multimedia development
?. &econstruction of historical events and settings
;. /nformation systems and planning
1.3. GIS and Geo-database:
Geographical /nformation ystem (G/# is a computerised system, and its
primary purpose is to help to maintain data about geographic space ($e y, &,
344#. /t is a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
(urrough '.. !7;#. /n other words, G/ is a computer system to capture, store,
check, integrate, manipulate, analyse and display the data related to positions on
the earth@s surface.
G/ is in use for various fields, namely town and country planning, haAard
analysis, geology, mining, forestry, hydrology etc for handling information in a
"
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spatial conte%t. G/ is a logical arrangement between geographic features and
attribute data. o it has two ma9or parts, one for generating, analysing and
representing geographic features and the other is a database, which stores the
geographic features along with attribute data.
eing a computer based system, G/ essentially deals with softwares. G/
software fall into two ma9or branches, proprietary G/ (like rcG/, +&$ /MG/B+,
Map/nfo etc# and the wide array of 1ree > Cpen ource counterparts like G&,
DuantumG/, G, GMT, etc.
G/ softwares have inbuilt database management system, and more often
also have some provisions to connect with an e%ternal $M. The data related to
the geographical features are stored in $M, as attribute tables and records, and
these data are linked with the geographical features via a key field. Geo0database
is a specific type of database, which store representations of geographic
phenomena in the real world to be used in a G/ ($e y, &, 344#.
1.4. Categories of software tecnologies:
There are two ma9or categories of technology development and distributionmodels, in the world of softwares. The model of proprietary softwares, share wares
and closed0source ones, and 1ree > EibrF > Cpen ource and public domain software.
1urther sub0categories are also there, inside these ma9or categories. 1igure .
provides differences among these categories.
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1igure . 6ategories of softwares.
(/mage courtesy 6hao05uei, www.fsf.org#
1.4.1. !ree"#ibr$"%pen Source Software:
. 1ree software free software is that comes with permission for anyone to
use, copy, and distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either
gratis or for a fee (www.fsf.org# and essentially the source code of the
software is available.
3. Cpen source software s per the open source initiative, Cpen source is a
development method for software that harnesses the power of distributed
peer review and transparency of process. The promise of open source is
better :uality, higher reliability, more fle%ibility, lower cost, and an end to
predatory vendor lock0in (www.opensource.org#.
/n common practice, 1ree, Cpen source and allied classes of softwares are
grouped as one, and referred to as 1ree>EibrF>Cpen ource oftware and
abbreviated as 1EC or 1C. The active user communities and developer
communities around the globe are peculiar for this group of software.
1.4.2. &roprietar' software:
'roprietary softwares are 6omputer programs which are the legal property
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of one party, the use of which is made available to a second or more parties,
usually under contract or licensing agreement (tate administrative manual, $ept.
of General ervices, tate of 6alifornia#. 6ontrary to free softwares, proprietary
softwares are with restrictions on use or private modification, copying, or
publishing of modified versions.
1.(. Selection of rigt software tools in te conte)t of panca'ats:
1actors that decide the adoption of a particular software technology for
planning at rural decentralised levels in public sector are
. 1inancial affordability The technology should be financially affordable and
suitable for the panchayats considering the plan outlay for local bodies.
Most often, any of the 1EC software for even specific uses are available
free of charge. ome times the choices to select are more than one. 1or
e%ample, $ebian GBH > Einu%, a free operating system, comes with 7*""
(www.debian.org# pieces of software for a variety of uses. eing these
softwares are available free of charge, and come with a liberal license
agreement (6hen hun0ling, 344;#, they are financially affordable.
3. &eliability &eliable technology need to be adopted to minimise the running
cost and allow the users to solve the problem themselves. /n the case of
reliability of operating systems, GBH>Einu%, is more stable than proprietary
counterparts according to studies (Iheeler, $. .#. GBH>Einu% is free
software, and many of its flavors are available without a hitch. These
include the distributions like $ebian GBH>Einu%, which take the factor of
system stability with a higher importance, available free of cost and used
by a wide range of users of varying fields including educational institutions,
commercial firms, non0profit organisations, and government organisations.
". upport 1or an effective local area planning, the technology should have
enough technical support at all levels from the developer to the end user.
upport from user communities and from the people who develop the 1C
software, spanning throughout the globe is an added advantage of free
software. Hsers and developers are available on web forums, mailing lists,
and on /&6 channels to help out new users.
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-. ecurity The data security forms an important component in adopting
particular technology and the technology should be free of any bugs and
security holes. 1EC is considered to be less vulnerable than proprietary
softwares, because the source code is accessible (&edners tryckeri, 344"#.
Ihoever want to look at the code, they can. 'eople can check for any flaws
in code, and found if any, can report a bug in bug tracking systems, and
which are :uickly repaired by the developer community. 'eople can even
develop their own solution for the security flaws they found and submit it to
developers. There are more eyes, heads and hands are involved in this
baAaar style development model, than the proprietary cathedral model.
More eyes make fewer security flaws.
?. 6ommunity culture The panchayats and grama sabhas, with different
committees, beneficiary groups etc, present a community driven
development model, which necessitates interoperable model. The support
for 1EC softwares are mainly through user groups and developers
communities, rather than from commercial firms. The users and developers
around the globe act as a global community, within which they share ideas
to solve the problems and to make the software they use even better. This
nature is very much similar to the participatory development model ofgrama panchayats, a model in which people share the ideas by
communicating with each other, discussing, debating and selecting the
right choice for them.
;. 6omply with the current policy of the governmentThe technology need to
comply with the present polices of stand 3ndstratums of governance as
panchayats are an integral part of the governance system in /ndia, along
with union government, and state governments.
*. /n /ndia, the union government has setup a Bational &esource 6entre for
1ree ) Cpen ource oftware in 6hennai 9ointly with 60$ac and nna
Hniversity, with an ob9ective to contribute to the growth of 1ree and Cpen
ource oftware in /ndia (/nformation Technology nnual &eport, 344*0
3447#. The /nformation technology policy of state government of 5erala
emphasises that 1ree oftware presents a uni:ue opportunity in building a
truly egalitarian knowledge society and further says 1ree and Cpen
ource oftware will be used in all government funded /6T e0Governance
*
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pro9ects to the ma%imum e%tent possible and intends to develop the
tate as the 1C destination in the country (/nformation Technology 'olicy
$ocument, 344*#.
vailability of a wide range of softwares free of cost, including G/ tools is
an added advantage of 1EC model. /t gives choices and options to select the
most suitable, from the available.
The current endeavor focuses on the development of a geo0database and
geo0visualisation based decision support system for panchayats using 1EC for
planning and development activities at panchayat level.
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2. Objectives
Main objective of this endeavor is to develop appropriate geo-visulisation for an
effective local level planning with the open source spatial information systems.
Free / Libre / Open Source !S software tools and Free operating system is used
mainly to be economically viable and also to comply with the current ! " #olicies of
the government. "his endeavor involves$
%. &reating a geo-spatial database 'for &heruvannur rama #anchayat(
compiled from locally available data sources.
). *eveloping geo-visualisation of basic themes in pre-defined scales+ basedon the geo-database+ using open source spatial information systems+
suitable for decision ma,ing and planning at disaggregated levels.
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3. Study area
Figure 3.1: Location of study area
3.1. Physiography:
Cheruvannur, one of the 78 grama panchayats of Kozhiode district, !ies
"et#een $orth Latitude 11% 3&' 37.11( and 11% 3)' *.)7(, +ast Longitude 7% *-'
&).3&( and 7% *3' .&&( Figure: 3.1/. 0t has a tota! area of &1.)1 suare
i!ometers. 2he adoining grama panchayats are Thiruvallur and Velom in the
north, Perambra in the east, Nochad, Meppayur, and Thurayur in the south,
Maniyur and Thiruvallur in the #est. 2he Kuttiyadiriver Figure 3.1-/, erst#hi!e
no#n as Kottariver is f!o#ing from north to south, through the eastern side,
detaches the grama panchayat from 4adaara ta!u. 2he physiography is not
p!anar. 2he ridges of sma!!er and medium hi!!s and !o# !ying va!!eys mae the areaan undu!ating terrain. 5rama panchayat can "e divided into three, according to the
physiography 6 viz, hi!!y area, s!opes and va!!eys. 2he highest area in grama
panchayat is Purakkamala/ noted #ith a height of 11 metres a"ove sea
!eve!. Cheruvannur 5rama panchayat inc!udes some of the !o#est !ying p!aces of
the region, and parts of these areas are often f!ooded during monsoon.
3.2. History:
Formed in the year 13* it is one of the o!dest grama panchayats in the
state. 2he area has a !ong history of human sett!ements. hat stone / 9
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mega!ithic "uria! monument 9 "e!ongs to rough!y a period of 3-- .C. to -- .;
5anesh, K.
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criteria set up "y the @tate +!ection Commission, #hich finds the "asics of increase
in popu!ation, increase in the num"er of househo!ds etc.
2he tota! popu!ation of Cheruvannur grama panchayat is &&1- and num"er
of househo!ds are *))3 Census &--1/. 0t has a good connectivity of &7.*77
i!ometers of paved and .)7- i!ometers of unpaved roads. tota! num"er of )
ponds 1&.)& i!ometers of irrigation cana! is present no#.
Figure 3.&: Affice of the Cheruvannur 5rama panchayat.
0n hea!th sector, peop!e of Cheruvannur 5rama ?anchayat have accessi"i!ity
to the three systems of medicine "y the presence of 1 5ovt. ?BC Figure: 3.3/,
three F centres, 1 5ovt. yurveda Bospita! Figure: 3.*/ and a 5ovt. Bomeopathy
dispensary. tota! num"er of &- ngan#adi centres Figure: 3./ serve the chi!d
#e!fare part very #e!!.
Figure 3.3: 5ovt. ?u"!ic Bea!th Centre, va!a.
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Figure 3.*: 5ovt. yurveda Bospita!, Cheruvannur.
Figure 3.: ngan#adi centre, $irappam unnu.
0n education sector, 1- !o#er primary schoo!s, three upper primary schoo!s,
1 high schoo!, 1 higher secondary schoo!, 1 un9aided schoo! are present, and
among them 1 >. ?. @choo! Figure: 3.)/, 1 L. ?. @choo!, high schoo! and higher
secondary schoo! are in 5ovt sector.
Figure 3.) : 5ovt. >. ?. @choo!, Cheruvannur.
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3.5. Agriculture, environent and li!e:
Avala pandipaddy fie!d hosts numerous migratory "irds each year. @acred
groves are p!aces of #orship and at the same time, traditiona! method of eco!ogica!
conservation Figure: 3.7/. ?!ace has a immense activity in agricu!ture particu!ar!y
in rice cu!tivation. 2he area has a good potentia! for eco9tourism, #ith its scenic
"eauty not no#n much outside Figures: 3.8, 3., 3.1- and 3.1&/, connectivity of
roads, sensi"!e peop!e, essentia! communication and medica! faci!ities.
2he maor source of income for the peop!e !iving near"y river, is sand
mining from the Kuttiyadi river Figure: 3.11/. @and mining activity is contro!!ed "y
grama panchayat, district co!!ector, and district !eve! kadavu committee oint!y.
2his is the maor income source to o#n fund for grama panchayat a!so.
Figure 3.7: 4a!ayarott avu: sacred grove in Cheruvannur.
Figure 3.8: ?arappuzha ?andi: ?addy fie!d.
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Figure 3. : va!a ?andi: ?addy fie!d.
Figure 3.1-: Kuttiyadi river: @cene near va!a.
Figure 3.11: @cene from river sand mining site, Chaniyam adavu.
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Figure 3.1&: eir near Kanhirauni.
3.". Panchayat #a$ e%perients:
2he 73rdand 7*thamendments to the constitution of 0ndia gave "irth to to
the Kera!a ?anchayat =a ct 1* rep!acing Kera!a ?anchayat ct 1)- and
associated acts and ru!es, and esta"!ished a three tier ?anchayat =a system and
!oca! se!f government institutions in the state spanning to vi!!age, "!oc, and
district !eve!s. mong these, grama panchayats have more importance as theyhave a!most a!! the important components of a modern government. 2hey have a
!egis!ature, an eDecutive, authority to impose and co!!ect taDes and to enforce "ye
!a#s, administration and financia! po#ers, and a!! these mae them true !oca!
governments. 2he ne# act and ru!es empo#ered the grama panchayats #ith
financia! po#ers even more. eing a part of 3rdstratum of governance in 0ndia, and
empo#ered #ith various civi!, uasi9udicia! and administrative po#ers over a
defined geographica! area, the administrative "ody of a grama panchayat has to
tae different sorts of decisions and imp!ement them.
3.&. 'ecision a(ing in )heruvannur *raa Panchayat:
;ecisions on day to day activities re!ating to the grama panchayat are taen
"y the ?resident, @ecretary, heads of institutions under grama panchayat
nneDure: 1/, other imp!ementing officers, administrative committee, finance,
deve!opment, #e!fare standing committees, various su"9committees at different
!eve!s.
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3.&.1. *raa sa+ha and its iportance:
For deve!opmenta! activities, the process of decision maing is done "y
grama sa"ha, a permanent statutory "ody descri"ed in the constitution of 0ndia. 0n
Kera!a scenario, grama sa"ha meetings are officia! #ard !eve! meetings, usua!!y
headed "y #ard mem"er E president. +ach e!ector resides in #ard are the de9facto
mem"ers of grama sa"ha, and these meetings tae p!ace * times in a year, and
the interva! "et#een t#o grama sa"has #i!! not eDceed ) months. uorum for
grama sa"ha is 1-G of the tota! num"er of e!ectors of that #ard Kera!a ?anchayat
=a ct, 1*/. 0f it not satisfied, grama sa"ha is postponed to another convenient
day.
ard mem"er is the convener of the grama sa"ha and coordinators for
each grama sa"ha #ou!d "e one among the staff from any of the institutions under
the grama panchayat, as decided "y administrative committee on the advice of
grama panchayat secretary. ;ates for the grama sa"has in each #ard are a!so
decided.
3.&.2. 'evelopent seinar:
0n the first grama sa"ha, t#o or three representatives #i!! "e se!ected and
send to forthcoming panchayat !eve! deve!opment seminar. short "oo!et is
prepared, printed and distri"uted "y the administrative committee, in deve!opmentseminar as draft p!an document in deve!opment seminar. ;raft p!an document
contains the detai!s of state p!an funds a!!oted for the grama panchayat ear9
mared for each deve!opmenta! sectors as pu"!ished in state's "udget anneDure,
the detai!s a"out o#n fund in grama panchayat's accounts, a draft out!ine of the
proposed proects for that financia! year. !so, a "rief ora! introduction is given "y
the ?anchayat president and mem"ers. 0n the deve!opment seminar the
representatives from grama sa"ha are fed #ith some ideas, and in neDt grama
sa"ha, they perform in the ro!e of resource persons to !ead the group discussions.
3.&.3. Plan-a(ing graa sa+ha:
2he second grama sa"ha is a 'p!an9maing' grama sa"ha, in #hich more
often draft p!an document undergo open discussion, and heavy modifications.
2here may occur a de"ate on the performance of the grama panchayat in different
deve!opmenta! or administrative sectors on "eha!f of the grama sa"ha, some times
may !ead to open criticism. 2he convener and coordinator are supposed to respond
to each of them. fter this, peop!e are divided into different groups of "eneficiaries,
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open discussions and de"ates taes p!ace on the topics, and proposa!s for
a!terations, insertions, de!etions and additions are suggested on the draft p!an
document and read in grama sa"ha meeting. 2hese suggestions are approved
oint!y, or #ith modifications du!y recorded in grama sa"ha minutes. fter ending
up the grama sa"ha meetings in a!! #ards, a!! the decisions of grama sa"has are
compi!ed, draft is changed according to it and fina! p!an proect document is
prepared for the year, "y the administrative committee and staff.
2he copies of fina! p!an document are sent to 2echnica! dvisory 5roup
2..5/, a "!oc !eve! eDperts group and to ;.?.C. ;.?.C or ;istrict ?!anning
Committee is a statutory "ody, #hich acts as the representative of the state, to
approve the p!an documents of panchayats.
2he fina! p!an document is not an unchangea"!e one, as the grama sa"ha
reserves the right to mae modifications to it, in any of its fourth coming sittings.
@ome times p!an document undergo fund adustments as per the avai!a"i!ity of
funds.
+ven if a!terations in minor detai!s of these #ho!e process may vary from
time to time depending on the region it taes p!ace, or as per the guide!ines of thestate government, the out!ine of the #ho!e process remain same.
3.&.4. )onventional ethod and liitations:
2o formu!ate the p!an proects severa! documents are used at various !eve!s.
For agricu!tura! schemes, deve!oping infrastructure etc, documents !ie #atershed
"ased deve!opment master p!an, resource maps, road register are used for getting
"ase data. >sing the detai!s from these documents, the teams formu!ate p!an
proects. s a!! these documents are avai!a"!e in office of the grama panchayat,
formu!ation of detai!s of p!an proects are done in grama panchayat itse!f. 2he
conventiona! method is fine, "ut has some dra#"acs, indeed as discussed "e!o#:
1. ne# entrant, most pro"a"!y coordinators of gramasa"ha/ to these
processes norma!!y tae some time to understand the genera! physiography
of the area, !and use, assets and !ocation of assets, and a!so imp!ications of
a particu!ar proect or decision.
&. s the no#!edge in different su"ects varies from person to person, there
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are chances of communication gaps "et#een different stae ho!ders !eading
to #rong decisions.
3. ?roect "eneficiaries and decision maers usua!!y thin on!y a"out the
"enefits of their proposed #or, #ithout a ho!istic approach. 2his practice
can't "e effective!y tac!ed do#n in conventiona! method.
*. ?anchayat resource maps are often in 1: *---, or 1: --- sca!es, and often
* or !arge sheets. 2hese sheets are difficu!t to hand!e in discussion
sessions. @earching and carrying a!! the documents re!ating to a p!an
proect to the des one "y one and p!acing "ac each of them #ou!d "e a
tedious tas.
. 2he process of p!anning and imp!ementing of a proect is a time "ound one,
if it isn't finished, the funds a!!otted go !apse. @o there is a tendency to
ho#ever prepare p!ans proposed in grama sa"has #ithout referring a!!
documents concerned, to avoid the !apse of funds, the open uestioning
may essentia!!y arise in the very neDt grama sa"ha and po!itica! fai!ure.
2hese disadvantages can "e addressed #ith the use of techno!ogy to aneDtent. ?resenting essentia! detai!s of the resources through spatia! visua!isation
#ith the he!p of techno!ogy, #ou!d support the decision maing process. 2he
modern techniues of 5eographica! 0nformation @ystems 50@/ and geo9
visua!isation can "e used for such a move. 2here are many successfu! efforts in the
various parts of the #or!d using 50@ and 5eo9visua!isation for so!ving rea!9!ife
pro"!ems and for decision maing, especia!!y in the fie!d of p!anning. ?resence of a
comprehensive geo9data"ase #i!! serve as a no#!edge "ase of grama panchayat
#hich can "e app!ied for its administrative, civi!, and other various uses. Autcome
of such a move #ou!d give rise to even "etter decisions, and essentia!!y a "etter
future.
0n the !ight of a!! these, an effort has "een made to deve!op a geo9
visua!isation for Cheruvannur 5rama ?anchayat, adopting FLA@@ as a decision
support system in the p!anning activities.
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4. Review of Literature
Menno-Jan Kraak (2002) demonstrated the usefulness of geo-visualisation and how
this technology can stimulate the visual thought process. his was done !y
applying geo-visualisation techni"ues to Minard#s famous map the $%arte figurative
des pertes successives en hommes de l# &rmee 'ranaise dans la campagne de
ussie *+*2 - *+*, which depicts the invasion of apoleonic forces into ussia.
/M is used for creating ,1 model of event settings. he study shows that much
more information can !e revealed when using geo-visualisation techni"ues rather
than using conventional views. 3ork shows that even if Minard data already have
!een discussed much earlier a visualisation stimulate a kind of visual thinking and
generate more information !y that way.
4rewer et al. (2000) e5amined the possi!ilities of a prototype of same-time 6
different-place colla!orative geo-visualisation environment taking the fact that
most of the works with geospatial data in any field like ur!an and environmental
planning etc. 7eographic visualisation environments and related information
technologies are generally developed !y a map view which allows colla!orators to
manipulate a ,-1 depiction of precipitation and temperature which varies with
terrain. 8sers were allowed to control parameters of a time series animation and
color scheme used to represent the data. he visualisation is set up with a
com!ination of Java6Java,1 tools namely /is&1 Java class li!rary 9i!!ard
1:M/iewer &rc7rid &;%
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decision making activities. hey have taken special emphasis to the situations
where colla!orators are interacting at distant places from one another. & prototype
of an e5tension for an e5isting single-user geo-visualisation is developed as part of
9uman-:nvironment egional ?!servatory (9:?) pro>ect#s
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may need to !e developed. 8sa!ility engineering e5tends !eyond the traditional
cartographic practice of #user testing# !y evaluating software effectiveness
throughout a life cycle (including design development and deployment).
Mac:achren and Kraak. (200*)discussed a!out the ma>or research challenges in
geo-visualisation which are=
*. %hallenges on visual representation=
i.) o develop a theory for georepresentation and formalising representation
methods.
ii.) o develop new forms of representation that support the understanding of
geospatial phenomena and space-time process.
iii.) o adapt representation methods to meet the changing nature of data to!e represented.
iv.) &dapting representation methods to the increasing range in kinds of task
that visual geospatial representations must support.
v.) o take advantage of recent technological advances in !oth hardware and
data formats.
2. /isualisation-computation integration=
i.) o develop visual approaches to geospatial data mining thus to using
visual methods for uncovering unknown patterns and relationships in large
geospatial data sets.
ii.) o integrate visual and computational tools that ena!le human and
machine to colla!orate in the process of knowledge construction.
iii.) o address the engineering pro!lems of !ringing together disparate
technologies each with their own esta!lished tools systems data
structures and interfaces.
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appropriate to geo-visualisation environments.
vi.) o develop a comprehensive user-centered design approach to geo-
visualisation usa!ility.
D. %ognitive6usa!ility
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the 4erlin virtual ,1 city model !ased on the system for integrating managing
integrating presenting and distri!uting comple5 ur!an geoinformation. he pro>ect
was initiated !y the ;enate 1epartment of :conomics and the ;enate 1epartment
of 8r!an 1evelopment. &s first applications the virtual ,1 city model forms core
part of the investor information system hosted at the 4erlin 4usiness ocation
%enter and it represents the !asis for ongoing pro>ects in city planning at the
architecture working group of the ;enate 1epartment of 8r!an 1evelopment. he
4erlin virtual ,d city model is developed with %ity7M a first open data model and
FM-!ased format for storage and e5change of virtual ,1 city models availa!le.
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warned road section. he third case descri!es a process of modeling ecological
!arriers !y a list of landuse and landcover elements and their impact on animal
movement. he findings of this study are !ringing in e5pert knowledge is one of
the crucial points in developing the pro!lem-specific maps which assist decision
making process. he use of e5ploratory geo-visualisation tools help to study the
ecological landscape and alternative approaches for landuse. geo-visualisation
provides a wide set of tools and processes to interact and work with spatial data.
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5. Basic database concepts
A Database is a logically arranged collection of information so that retrieval
of information from a database in a presentable form, is easy with the application
of optimised set of queries. Data is stored in databases in the form of tables. Tables
are the collection of records and they are essentially, structures composed of rows
and columns. Each row contains related data, which denotes a record or tuple and
each column contain same type of data, which is generally called as field or
attribute. Data is a form of representation of knowledge, in a broader sense, or a
piece of un-synthesised information. sually data refers to the raw information
which could be some numbers, images, characters, words, etc. The difference
between data and information is given in Table !.".
Data InformationCheruvannur
Grama Panchayat
2001
22150
The estimated total population of
Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat is 22150,
as per the 2001 census.
Table !."# differences between data and information.
The term metadata refers to the data about data and generally provides
supplementary information such as $who collected the data%, $data source%, $how
the data was collected%, etc. Data elements are basic units of information
containing a set of values which points to a single fact. &t can be located and
e'tracted from data. &n the above conte't, $(ame of )ocal Authority% is a data
element. Data type is an attribute to the data that describes what kind of data is
that. Datatypes can be classified into three#
". *imple data+
. omple' data and
. *pecialised data
E'amples for simple data types are strings, numbers, date and time etc.
omple' data types are ob/ect data types, which may vary according to different
relational databases. &t may include reference pointers, collection arrays and user
defined data types.
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*pecialised data types may include multimedia ob/ects, spatial data, 'ml
documents etc. A term Domain is used to denote a collection of unique things.
They are a set of allowed values in a field of a table.
5.1. Database as a system: &n these days, databases are more or less
computerised, and the terms $Database% and $Database management systems%
are used vice-versa, to denote each of them. Even they are related they differ from
each other, slightly. A Database management system is something which manages
a database. &t is essentially a software, in the case of a computerised database.
Database management systems which are in use today, are relational database
systems. or, 1D23* in short. A database management system has to achieve
some goals#
1. llo! users to create ne! data"ases and specify their lo#ical
structure of data,
2. Permit the users to $uery the data %ept in, and to modify it.
&. 'upport the stora#e of lar#e amounts of data.
(. Control access to many users at the same time, !ithout affectin# the
transactions one another.
5.2. Designing databases: Databases are designed by meeting some general
rules. There are some fi'ed design models like $1elational data model% for
designing a database.
5.3. Relational data model: &n this model, the database is considered as a
collection of relations. A database may contain more than one relation. Tables are
linked by type of relations 4parent-child, etc.5. A table consists of rows and
columns, and each row represents a combination of data values. These rows
denote the real world relationships, while the column denote how the attribute
information. A simple representation of relational database model is given in 6igure
!.".
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6igure !."# A relational database model
Attributes, columns or fields are of same meaning in a relational database. All of
these terms are used to denote a field in a table. 1ecords, rows or tuples are used
to denote a record in a database table. A table may have multiple fields and set of
fields can have many records created in that table. Data could be accessed
according to field structure of the table, record by record. The relational data model
was first developed by an &23 researcher named E. 6. odd which is popularly
referred as E. 6. odd8s rules. odd9s rules are#
". The information rule# Data should be presented to the user in a tabular
form.
. :uaranteed access rule# All data should be accessible without any
doubtfulness.
. *ystematic treatment of ()) values# A field should be able to keep itself
empty. ()) value is different from an empty string or ;ero. &t is a valueless
state.
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presenting data.
!. omprehensive data sub language rule# A database should support any one
of clearly defined languages for inserting, manipulating, deleting, updating
data. 3ost of the present day databases support *>) query language for
the above said purpose.
0. ?iew updating rule# Data can be presented in different logical combinations
called as views. This rule states that users can update the data through
these views as efficiently as by updating to the original tables. 2ut in
practical side, no any present day D23* fully complies this rule.
7. @igh )evel &nsert, pdate, and Delete# This rule states that, data can be
retrieved in sets of data which may have more than one row, and or from
more than one table. &nsertion, deletion and updation can be done to
multiple rows of data, which may, be present at one or more than one
table.
=. Bhysical data independence# The user should be isolated from physical
method of data storage. hanges can be made to the base physical systemof database, without affecting the users accessibility.
C. )ogical data independence# Even if the logical structure of a database is
changed, the view of data to the user should remain as before. 3ost of the
present day databases are having rigid connections with the logical
structure of database and its views, and so, doesn8t obey this rule.
".&ntegrity independence# The >uerying )anguage is supposed to impose
some constrains on user, in order to maintain database integrity. &n practice,
this rule is not fully implemented. 2ut as a common practice, primary keys
cannot have a ()) value, and if there is a foreign key is set in a table, its
values must e'ist as a foreign key in any other table.
"".Distribution independence# A user should be unaware of whether the parts
of the database are located in one place, or in more than one place. This
rule is rather difficult to implement.
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".(o subversion rule# There should not be any other way to modify the
physical structure of database, other than querying language. This rule also
is not satisfied well today, as many databases have :& interfaces which
allow direct manipulations on database.
These rules are considered as guidelines today, because no any present day D23*
complies with all these entire " rules.
5.4. Entity Relationship Diagram:
Entity relationship diagram is a graphical way of database modeling. They
are called as E-1 Diagrams in short. E-1 Diagrams have three principal
components. These are
". Entity sets,
. attributes and
. 1elationships.
An entity relationship diagram has four types of components, they are#-
". 1ectangles used to denote entity sets.. Ellipses used to denote attributes.
. Diamonds used to represent relationship sets and
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6igure !.# E-1 Diagram depicting the decision making process related to the plan
and development activities in a :rama Banchayat.
Data are organised in such a way to eliminate duplication of data and also for
sensible data dependencies. This process is often known as data normalisation.
5.5. ormalisation: Database normalisation is a process of efficiently organising
data in a database for eliminating duplication and redundancy of data and making
sensible data dependencies. This process reduces the amount of space a database
consumes, and ensures that data is logically stored. &t is a kind of standardisation
or to impose consistency with respect to the style and content. 1emoval of
duplication tends to minimise redundancy. &n practical approach, normalisation
"
Coordinator
Citizen n
Convenor
Grama Sabha
Finance
StandingCommittee
Panchayat
Administrative
Committee
Development
StandingCommittee
Welfare
StandingCommittee
Implementing
officer
Oo
Grama panchayat
DecisionDecision
Decision
Decision
Decision
!ember n
Secretary
President
!ember n!ember "
District
Planning
Committee
#echnical
AdvisoryGro$p%&loc'(
Secretary Staff n
Instit$tion %n(
$nder
Grama Panchayat
Staff n
!ember n!ember "
Decision
Citizen "
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manage to divide information into smaller, more manageable parts. The benefits of
normalisation are#
i.5 Bhysical space needed to store data is reduced.
ii.5 Data becomes better organised.
iii.5 (ormalisation allows changes to small amounts of data 4namely single
records5 to be made to one table at once.
(ormalisation are stated in terms of normal forms. These are a series of guidelines
for ensuring the databases are normalised. They are numbered as " to
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i. Entity integrity# Bresence of primary key in a table, defines the entity
integrity. &f primary keys are defined for each entity, it will follow the
entity integrity rule.
ii. Domain integrity# Domain &ntegrity is achieved if column of table is kept
within its allowable limits. This is achieved by keys and constraints.
iii. referential integrity# 1eferential &ntegrity is achieved by the integrity of
relationships between primary and foreign key values in related tables
of a database. Databases achieve referential integrity by the effective
integration of constraints. Brimary and foreign keys are both constraints.
A constraint is a metadata, defined on a table defining restrictions on
values. 6or e'ample, a primary key constraint makes the primary key
field to be unique.
5.%. &omp'ter based record (eeping systems:
As its name denotes, D23* is a system made up with different components,
works all together, to achieve the above goals. Database has a distinct
architecture. A simple schematic diagram of a D23* is shown in figure !..
>uery processor# The function of this component mainly deals with thetranslation of requests from users, into low level operations.
Transaction manager# &t manages the transaction of data between the
database and the users.
*torage manager# &n common situations, the storage manager is nothing
but, the operating system itself.
6ile manager# 6ile manager, as its name denotes, keeps track of location of
files on the storage media, and retrieves clusters of files when requested by
buffer manager.
2uffer manager# &t handles main memory and obtains clusters of data from
storage media from file manager and keeps those clusters in a part of main
memory.
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6igure !.# Essential components of a D23*
5.). &'rrent *cenario: Databases are used in various fields today 4for e'ample#
ensus database5. &n governance and decision making, it is increasingly appear the
prominence of databases for different types of uses. *patial databases are
designed for keeping track of the land revenue activities and are referred as
geodatabases or geo-spatial databases.
5.+. eed for local le,el geo-database and geo-,is'alisation: A
comprehensive spatial geo-database will serve as knowledge base of panchayats
which can be applied for its administrative, civil, and other various uses. Broperly
implemented, an interactive database-searching can provide decision makers with
instant access to high value information for use in time consuming, costly and
comple' planning and implementation activities. 43ohamed, 3.F. G Appalanaidu,
.2., "CC=.5
seful for navigational
purpose.
6roections are made using datums and spheroids and ellipsoids, assuming
that the shape of earth in the area on the surface on earth, is a particular spheroid
or ellipsoid, using datums.
Geoid:The e:uipotential surface of the earth's gravity field which est fits,
in the least-s:uares sense, mean sea level (Geodetic Glossary, *ational
Geodetic 0urvey%.
$pheroids:A three dimensional :uadric surface derived from rotating an
ellipse aout one of its principal a4es. Three instances of a spheroid are8 ".
prolate spheroid (0hape of a rugy all%, $. olate spheroid (similar to the
shape of the earth% and 9. sphere (symmetric%.
!llipsoid:A :uadric surface which is a higher dimensional analogue of an
ellipse. >sed as a surface of reference for the mathematical reduction of
geodetic and cartographic data (?..A. Technical manual /9/."%.
A set of constants specifying the coordinate system used for geodetic control, i.e.,
for calculating the coordinates of points on the earth (Geodetic Glossary, *ational
Geodetic 0urvey%. There are two types of datums namely8
%ertical datum: A vertical datum is a set of constants specifying the
coordinate system to which elevations are referred (7ederal Geographic
9#
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?ata !ommittee handoo%.
&oriontal datum:A horiDontal datum is the set of constants specifying
the coordinate system to which horiDontal coordinates are referred (7ederal
Geographic ?ata !ommittee handoo%.
?atums and spheroids differ one another in parameters. A datum may not
completely coincide with geoid or with the real earth surface (7igure8 2.9%. A
spheroid est defines ndia may not e good for other countries. Fence, each
country has its own datums and spheroids which fits est when depicting their
region. athematical parameters of all these spheroids vary each other. Their
datum centres not necessarily would coincide with each other, or with the centre of
earth (7igure 9.3%. Two e4amples for datums are8". !'erest datum:)verest datum is in use for ndia and adacent countries
for cartographic activities. *amed after 0ir George )verest, and derived in
"/9;, since then in use as the asis for all types of control surveys in ndia.
This datum is the result of the Great Trignometric 0urvey of ndia. t is
centred near Kalianpur in adhya 6radesh, under the earth surface, ut its'
ellipsoidal centre does not coincide with the centre of the earth. 0till,
)verest is the est fitting spheroid and mathematical surface for ndia, ut
cannot e e4tended very far from it's origin.
$. (G$ )*: The @orld Geodetic 0ystem is called as @G0 /3. t is the
reference system used y the Gloal 6ositioning 0ystem. t is an earth-fi4ed
gloal reference frame and geocentric datum, gloally consistent within "
m. The @G0 /3 originally used the G0 /; reference ellipsoid, ut
undergone some minor refinements several times after its initial
pulication. The last revision of @G0 /3 was in $;;3, and will e valid up to
$;";.
3;
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7igure 2.98 )arth's ellipsoid, geoid, and two types of vertical deflection (0ource8
@iipedia. )nhanced version of an image otained from >. 0. ?epartment of
?efense%
7igure 2.38 ?ifference etween gloal and local ellipsoids.
3"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGS84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GRAVIMETRIC_DATUM_ORIENTATION.GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGS84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GRAVIMETRIC_DATUM_ORIENTATION.GIF -
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6.+. Geoinformatics
Traditional methods of map maing and map reading is changing, and giving the
way to more interactive and intelligent forms of geographic information stored in
computer systems. The information of the surface, susurface and atmosphere of
the earth and, the information received through the analysis of data are referred as
geo information all together. The art, science, or technology dealing with the
ac:uisition, storage, processing, production, presentation and dissemination of geo
information is referred as geoinformatics ()hlers and Amer, "##"%.
G0 is the acronym for Geographical nformation 0ystems. G0 are sets of computer
tools for the storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (=urrough, 6.A.,
$;;"%. *ow a days, G0 is a field of convergence from numer of disciplines,
namely, Geography, !artography, emote sensing, 6hotogrammetry, 0urveying,
Geodesy, 0tatitics & Eperational esearch, athematics, !omputer science, etc.
A G0 can answer many specific :uestions, lie8
@hat is at a specific locationH
@here is itH
@hat spatial pattern e4ists thereH
@hat change has occurred sinceH
@hat will happen if an event happens in some wayH etc.
The maor components of a G0 include, Fardware, 0oftware, Geographic
data and 6ersonnel. The operations a G0 can mediate include, ?ata capture (input
& verification%, ?ata storage (storage & management%, ?ata analysis and modelling
(updating manipulating and analysis% and ?isplay (data output and presentation%.
G0 use two maor inds of digital data models to handle spatial information -
ector and aster. y which the points, lines, areas and surfaces are coded digitally.
ector data8 n vector data model, an 4, y (cartesian% coordinate system references
real-world locations and each location is recorded as a single 4, y coordinate. n this
model, spatial data is handled as points, lines, areas, oundaries and centroids.
6oints and centroids are recorded as a single coordinate, lines and oundaries are
recorded as a series of ordered 4, y coordinates and areas are recorded as a series
of 4, y coordinates. ?efining line segments which enclose an area, termed as
polygon, means 'a figure with many sides'.
aster data8 The raster data model is used for handling surface information. it
wors as a regular grid of dots or s:uare cells (pi4els% filled with values.
3$
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6.. -ecent trends in G$:
". any G0 dataases are now distriuted over local or wide area networs.
$. ultimedia and hypermedia will play a growing role in G0, especially in
help and training systems.
9. n governance, etter decisions can done in case of land use, land revenue
informations.
3. The integration of G0 and G60 will provide more accurate and precise
information in temporal dimensions.
. n-vehicle navigation systems will provide a clear picture of traffic of an
area.
2. n nternet, geographic we searching will help more precise searching of
local details.
6.*. Geodatabase:A geo dataase, either called as spatial dataase is defined as
a dataase system that offers spatial data types in its data model and :uery
language, and supports spatial data types in its implementation, providing at least
spatial inde4ing and spatial oin methods (GIting, .F., "##3%.
6.*.1. Characteristics of spatial databases: >sually, spatial data are lined
with attriute data in the form of standard data that any dataase can handle. 0o,a spatial dataase can handle all standard data modelling and :uerying tass
along with, additional capailities to handle and inde4 spatial data. t can provide
efficient algorithms for spatial oin. n all standard G0, there are underlying spatial
?=0Js, ut most of them have limited capailities to handle standard data.
A spatial dataase can manage the data related to geographic space
($?
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relationships are maintained, as it can handle :ueries such as, to find all oects in
a given relation. ueries may e,
a. toplogical such as inside, intersect or adascent,
. directional such as aove, elow, or north of, or
c. metric such as distance L$;; etc.
A spatial dataase should have the capaility to integrate geometry into the ?=0
data model. This means that it could represent spatial oects y oects of the
usual ?=0 data model with at least one spatial data type attriute. A ?=0 can
e transformed in to spatial ?=0, y integrating following e4tensions to it8
". epresentations for data types of a spatial algera.
$. 6rocedures for atomic operations.
9. 0patial inde4 structures.
3. Access operations for spatial indices.
. 0patial oin algorithms.
2. !ost functions for all these operations.
1. 0tatistics for estimating selectivity of spatial selection and spatial oin.
/. )4tensions of the optimiser to map :ueries into the specialised :uery
processing methods.
#. 0patial data types and operations within data definition and :uery
language.";. >ser interface e4tensions for graphical
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7. Methodology
Development of effective geo-visualisation based decision support system
(DSS) involved primarily data compilation from collateral sources, setting up
appropriate hardware configuration, design of database and design of a spatial
DSS.
7.1. Data collection:
Data collected from various government sources includes:
1. esource maps of panchayat, both in the form of hard copy and digital copy.
!. "anchayat #sset egister $ (Details of roads, lanes, culverts, bridges andother constructions.)
%. &ocal Self 'overnment nstitutions lection - *ard de-limitation documents.
+. ensus of ndia - District ensus and boo.
/. *atershed #tlas $ State &and 0se oard.
2. *atershed based development master plan $ loc "anchayat.
3. "anchayat citi4ens5 charter.
Data is collected primarily from office of the heruvannur 'rama "anchayat
itself. 6eatures lie roads, landuse, water resource polygons, water resource lines,
place names, etc were e7tracted from resource maps. Survey of ndia toposheets
1:!/8888 (+9) was used to digitise talu boundaries. *ith the help of this map, a
talu map with village boundaries was georegistered. ;oposheet of 1:!/888
(+9
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7.3. Setting up the software environent:
7.3.1. !nstallation of operating syste:
;he installation of the Debian '=0D
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7.3.2#'$. (etwor) and internet configuration:
nternet connection is a must, to upgrade the system as and when updates
are released, to download the reuired software tools and to be in communication
with mailing lists and free software users community. onfigured the networ and
internet settings by editing the configuration file /etc/network/interfaces as
shown in anne7ure-> , and restarting the networ daemon by issuing the following
command in terminal:
# /etc/init.d/networking restart
dited the file /etc/hoststo mae it as appears in the anne7ure-> and issued
the following command in terminal:
# echo localhost.ces.iisc.ernet.in > /etc/hostname
#dded name server address to file /etc/network/resolv.conf
estarted the system. #fter restart, issued the following commands in
terminal as follows:
$ hostname
localhost.ces.iisc.ernet.in
$ hostname -f
localhost.ces.iisc.ernet.in
oth commands returned the host name. =etwor configuration is complete.
7.3.2#c$. Set*up for +nicode Malayala support:alayalam is the mother tongue and administrative language of the people
of the study area. n order to enter and handle data in alayalam, 0nicode
alayalam support is necessary. #t present, Standard '=0
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standard free operating systems. 6ollowed the instructions given in the website of
S and applied the commands as follows to get these patches applied in system.
;hese commands will update the system with patches, and if latest updates of
other softwares installed are available, upgrade them:
# wget http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/smc/praveen.key.asc
# apt-key add praveen.key.asc
# apt-get update
# apt-get upgrade
# apt-get install scim-ml-phonetic
"urpose of adding "raveen5s (@ne among the proEect administrators of
S.) '"' public ey to the ey-ring of apt, is to ensure the authenticity of
pacage, and to confirm that nobody has changed the pacages in repository after
he did.
7.3.2#d$. ,penSSH:
6or the security of passwords through internet, SS and @penSS is
installed by issuing the following command in terminal:
localhost:/home/user# apt-get install ssh openssh-server
7.3.3. !nstallation and configuration of essential softwares for the
proposed wor):
;he details of software tools used for the wor are listed in anne7ure->.nstallation of software which are part of Debian tch are done with the command:
# apt-get install
#mong the software pacages used, '#SS 2.!.%, alayalam "atches,
Cuantum 'S 8.9.8, and a-ap 1.8 are not part of Debian tch system, and these
need a separate installation and configuration.
+F
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7.3.3#a$. %pache we' server and php:
# woring web server and php, are necessarily installed on system. #pache
is used as web server. php is a server-side, ;&-embedded scripting language,
designed for producing dynamic web pages. #pache and php are installed by
issuing the following commands:
# apt-get install apache2 apache2.2-common
# apt-get install php php-common li!apache2-mod-php php-pgs"l
# apt-get install php-d!
# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
7.3.3#'$. !nstallation of "ostgreS- and "ost!S:
"ostgreSC& is an open source, fully featured obEect-relational database
management system which can be used for storing attribute data. "ost'S adds
support for geographic obEects to the "ostgreSC& obEect-relational database.
nstallation is done via following commands:
# apt-get install postgres"l-. postgres"l-client-.
# apt-get install postgis postgres"l-.-postgis od!c-postgres"l
heced whether "ostgreSC& is running or not, by issuing:
# /etc/init.d/postgres"l-. restart
onfigured "ostgreSC& as it can be used for the user user, via issuing following
commands:
# su
# su postgres
# ps"l template
# template%# &"
# eit
# su postgres
# ps"l
# ()*+,* )* user0 1,3 45 678*)76*)9
# +,*) )* user0 1,3 8+661) ';;;;;;;;'9
# &"
# eit
t is needed to ensure whether the client encoding is 0nicode, as 0nicode
+9
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(0;6F) support is needed to handle data in traditional alayalam scripts. 6or
checing this, issued:
$ ps"l
# 631 client
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'#SS is started in terminal by issuing:
$ grassA2
#n icon is made for '#SS on Destop, for easy access.
7.3.3#d$. !nstallation of -uantu !S ..:
Downloaded the .deb pacages for tch from Cuantum 'S website and
installed via 'Debi pacage installer by right clic and select @pen with B'Ddebi
pacage installer?.
#n icon is made also for Cuantum 'S on Destop, for easy access.
7.3.3#e$. !nstallation of MapServer:
0= apServer is used for setting up geo-visualisation. apServer is an
open source development environment for building spatially-enabled internet
applications. apServer, and associated pacages lie php-apScript (#
dynamically loadable module that maes apServer5s apScript functions and
classes available in a "" environment.), php-gd ('D module for php) etc are
installed by issuing command:
# apt-get install mapserver-!in cgi-mapserver php-mapscript php-gd
7.4. Scanning and photographing aps:
i. S.,.! 5oposheets:;he Survey of ndia toposheets +9 (1:!/8,888 scale)
and +9
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'eoreferencing is done with '#SS via following steps:
6igure 3.1: 'eoreferencing in '#SS - steps.
(Source: 'D6 annover b)
1. reated an 7,y location tempyand mapset userin '#SS database with
default grid resolution settings, following on-screen directions of '#SS.
!. hanged into the '#SS 7,y location, and converted scanned tif images of
maps to '#SS format by issuing commands as follows:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > r.in.gdal in%CEm.tif out%CEm
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > r.in.gdal in%CEmFse.tif out%CEmFse
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > r.in.gdal in%taluk.tif out%taluk
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > r.in.gdal in%resource.Gpeg out%resource
%. #fter e7iting from 7,y location, restarted '#SS and created a &at-&ong
location with settings as follows:
ocation: cheruvannur
Hapset: user
*llipsoid: everest EA
8roGection: atitude-ongitude
north: :C 5
south: :BF 5
east: I:BF *
west: IA:FF *
east-west resolution : F:FF:F
north-south resolution : F:FF:F
;hen e7ited from the &at-long location.
/%
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+. 'eoreferenced the toposheets in '#SS by the use of following sets of
commands:
i.group - ;o collect raster map layers in an imagery group.
i.target - ;o target the imagery group to '#SS lat-long location and
mapset.
i.points - ;o mar the ground control points on image to be rectified.
and
i.rectify - ;o rectifiy the image by computing coordinate
transformation for each pi7el in the image based on the
control points.
Started '#SS again with 7,y location tempyand mapset user, and issued
following commands:
i.group:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.group group%CEm su!group%CEm &
input%CEm.redJCEm.!lueJCEm.green
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.group group%CEmFse su!group%CEmFse &
input%CEmFse.redJCEmFse.!lueJCEmFse.green
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.group group%taluk su!group%taluk &input%taluk.redJtaluk.!lueJtaluk.green
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.group group%resource su!group%resource &
input%resource.redJresource.!lueJresource.green
i.target:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.target group%CEm &
location%cheruvannur mapset%user
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.target group%CEmFse &
location%cheruvannur mapset%user
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.target group%taluk &
location%cheruvannur mapset%user
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.target group%resource &
location%cheruvannur mapset%user
i.points:
;o initialise a '#SS monitor, issued:
/+
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4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > d.mon start%F
Selected the +9 toposheet, and added ground control points by issuing:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.points CEm
n the '#SS monitor, selected the raster file to be plotted, 4oomed to
centre pi7el of lat-long cross hairs and placed control points. #fter this analysed for
root mean suare error, as it to be within 4ero. #fter adding + '"s correctly, uit
the screen. epeated this process for the +9 g.region rast%CEm.!lue.rectified
Selected and loaded the CEm.!lue.rectified raster image from menu
and comparing with the image taluk.tif, 18 '"s are selected along the talu
boundary, noted down their coordinates, and e7it from '#SS.estarted '#SS with 7, y location tempyand mapset userand issued:
//
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4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > d.mon start%F
Selected the talu map, and added ground control points by issuing:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.points taluk
#dded points via same as the process described in case of toposheet +9,
and analysed for root mean suare error, and ensured it to be within 4ero. #fter
adding 18 nown '"s, uit the screen. ectified the talu map with following
command:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.rectify group%taluk &
input%taluk.!lueJtaluk.greenJtaluk.red & etension%.rectified order%
'eorectification of talu map is complete. 7ited from '#SS.
estarted '#SS with &atitude - &ongitude location cheruvannur and
mapset user. #dEusted the region and resolution with following command:
4)+66 A.2.B cheruvannur?:D > g.region rast%taluk.!lue.rectified
Selected and loaded the taluk.!lue.rectified raster image in map
display from menu and, four '"s which lie e7treme north, east, south and west
ends of village (grama panchayat) along the boundary line were selected. =oted
down their coordinates. 6ollowed by issuing command:
4)+66 A.2.B cheruvannur?:D > g.region rast%CEmFse.!lue.rectified
Selected and loaded the CEmFse.!lue.rectified raster image in map
display from menu, ma7imum number of '"s could identify (+% nos) were
selected and noted down their coordinates, comparing with the image
resource.Gpeg, and photographed original resource map sheets in an image
viewer. ;hen e7ited from '#SS.
estarted '#SS with 7, y locationtempyand mapset user,and issued:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > d.mon start%F
Selected the resource map map, and added ground control points by issuing:
/2
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4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.points resource
#dded all the selected +% points via same as the process described in case
of toposheet +9. #nalysed for root mean suare error, and removed 18 points
among them, those gave more error, as to ensure the error to be minimum and
points are spread uniformly over the area. #fter this, uit the screen. ectified the
resource map map with %rdorder transformation via following command:
4)+66 A.2.B tempy?:D > i.rectify group%resource &
input%resource.!lueJresource.greenJresource.red &
etension%.rectified order%B
'eorectification of resource map is complete. 7ited from '#SS.
7.. Digitisation of vector layers:
6or digitising vector layers, following method is adopted:
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