genetics. new learning goal: to describe how genetics are passed from one generation to another
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Genetics
New Learning Goal:
To describe how genetics are passed from one generation to another.
Fun Facts….
1. Monkeys and Humans have 98.8%of the same DNA.
2. Humans have 50% of the same DNA as bananas.
3. You get 99.9% of your DNA from your parents.
Let’s let my buddy, Bill Nye introduce us to Genetics…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZIQTMHmWm
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Gregor Gregor MendelMendel(1822-1884)(1822-1884)The Father The Father of Geneticsof Genetics
Gregor Johann MendelGregor Johann Mendel
Austrian monkAustrian monkStudied the Studied the inheritanceinheritance of of traits in traits in pea plantspea plantsDeveloped the Developed the laws of inheritancelaws of inheritanceMendel's work was Mendel's work was not recognized not recognized until the turn of until the turn of thethe 20th century 20th century
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Gregor Johann MendelGregor Johann Mendel
Between 1856 Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel and 1863, Mendel cultivated and cultivated and tested thousands tested thousands of pea plantsof pea plants
He found that He found that the plants' the plants' offspring retained offspring retained traits of the traits of the parentsparents
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copyright cmassengale
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Mendel stated that Mendel stated that physical traits are physical traits are inherited as inherited as “particles”“particles”Mendel did not Mendel did not know that the know that the “particles” were “particles” were actually actually Chromosomes & Chromosomes & DNADNA
Particulate InheritanceParticulate Inheritance
I. What is genetics?
i. Genetics
The study of _______ (how traits are passed from parents to offspring)
I. What is genetics?
i. Genetics
The study of heredity (how traits are passed from parents to offspring)
ii. Heredity
How an organism passes ____ from one generation to the next.
ii. Heredity
How an organism passes traits from one generation to the next.
iii. Trait
A __________ or quality of an organism
iii. Trait
A characteristic or quality of an organism
v. Variability
The differences between ________ in a given population
v. Variability
The differences between organisms in a given population
vi. Adaptation
A structure or behavior that allows an organism to survive in its environment.
sidewinder article
Exit Ticket
1. Who is the father of Genetics?
2. What is heredity?
3. What is a trait?
4. Describe adaptation that we saw with the snakes.
1
New Learning Goal:
To describe how genetics are passed from one generation to another.
BrainPop Time….
http://www.brainpop.com/health/geneticsgrowthanddevelopment/dna/
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
This chemical substance is present in the nucleusof all cells in all living organisms
The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood,nerve etc.) is controlled by DNA
The kind of organism which is produced (giraffe, herring, human, etc.) is controlled by DNA
DNA 2
Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only fiveOxygen atoms in its molecule
Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol
Ribose & deoxyribose
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The most common organic bases are
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine(G)
The bases 5
The deoxyribose, the phosphate,
and one of the bases
adenine
deoxyribose
PO4
Combine to form a nucleotide
Nucleotides 6
A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
Joined nucleotides 7
In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double strand of nucleotides
The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outsideand the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases
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PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
2-stranded DNA 9
The bases always pair up in the same way
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Bonding 10
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
PO4
PO4
PO4
thymine
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
adenine
cytosine
PO4
guanine
Bonding continued 11
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
Pairing up 12
The paired strands are coiled into a spiral called
A DOUBLE HELIX
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sugar-phosphatechain
bases
THE DOUBLE HELIX
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A model ofpart of a DNA molecule
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Build a DNA molecule – you try it!
Your Exit Tickets will be Passed Out Now
CHROMOSOMES
New Learning Goal:
To describe how genetics are passed from one generation to another.
Numbers of chromosomesConstant for each cell in the
body.Constant throughout the life
of an individual (you don’t lose or gain chromosomes)
Constant for all members of a species
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Organism Chromosome numbers
Human 46
Chimpanzee 48
House Mouse 40
Maize 20
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Human chromosomes
Identifying chromosomes
Chromosomes can be identified by:
Their size Their shape and flexiblity Banding patterns
Chromosomes are analyzed by organising them into a KARYOTYPE
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Female Male
YXX X
Possible children
FatherMother
XX XY
Chance of a girl 50% Chance of a boy 50%
X Y
X XX XY
X XX XY
The inheritance of gender
Exit Ticket:
On the back of your notes, create a Punnett Square for Blue Eyes and Brown Eyes.
Dominant and Recessive Traits
New Learning Goal:
To describe how genetics are passed from one generation to another.
Before we begin, let’s take a look at a quick video….
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mehz7tCxjSE
What are traits?
Physical Traits Can be seen by others Eye color, hair color, height, left handed
Acquired Traits Learned skills Playing a sport, riding a bike, playing a
musical instrument Behavioral Traits
Instinctual actions Nest building and migration
Terms Used in Modern Genetics
Genotype The particular alleles (genes) an individual
carries They are inherited from your biological parents Genes control your traits
Phenotype An individual’s observable traits
What people can SEE when they look at you
Terms Used in Modern Genetics
An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is heterozygous for that gene Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa
An individual with identical alleles of a gene is homozygous for that gene Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt
Two or more alternative forms of a gene.
Terms Used in Modern Genetics
An allele is dominant if its effect masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it Capital letters (A) signify dominant
alleles; lowercase letters (a) signify recessive alleles
Homozygous dominant (AA) Homozygous recessive (aa) Heterozygous (Aa)
What traits do you have?
We will go through the most common traits that people have
On your sheet, record if you have the mentioned trait or not
You may have to ask your neighbor for help
Detached (EE, Ee) or attached (ee) Earlobes
Can Tongue Roll (TT, Tt) or Can’t (tt)
Dimples (DD, Dd) No Dimples (dd)
Right (RR, Rr) or Left (rr) handed?
Freckles (FF, Ff) No Freckles (ff)
Curly (HH, Hh) or Straight (hh)
Cleft Chin (CC, Cc) or No Cleft (cc)
Allergies (AA, Aa) or No Allergies (aa)
Normal (BB, Bb) Color Blindness (bb)
Can you see the number inside the circle?
If you cannot, you may be colorblind
Widow’s Peak (WW, Ww) or Straight (ww)
DataPlease compare your results
(the chart) with 5 other students.
Does our data support which genes are dominant and which genes are recessive?
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