general psychology scripture james 1:19 wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every person be swift to...
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General Psychology
Scripture
• James 1:19Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every
person be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: For your anger does not produce God’s righteousness.
Memory
Memory* persistence of learning over time
via the storage and retrieval of information
NAME THE SEVEN DWARFSON PAPER
Memory To name the seven dwarfs, we must get the
information into our brain (encoding), retain it over time (storage), and now get it back out (retrieval).
Forgetting may result from retrieval failure, rather than encoding or storage failure. IT WAS ON THE TIP OF MY TONGUE!!
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc, and Bashful.
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Memory
Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and
yourself.
If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every
language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.
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The Phenomenon of Memory
Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to
store and retrieve information.
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Studying Memory: Information Processing Models
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
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Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage
model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c)
long-term memory.Bo
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Modifications to the Three-Stage Model
1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.
2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.
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Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active
processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of
information retrieved from long-term memory
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Encoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.
2. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.
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Automatic Processing
We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the
following:
1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.
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Effortful Processing
Committing novel information to
memory requires effort just like
learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing
leads to durable and accessible memories.
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
© Bananastock/ Alam
y
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Rehearsal
Effortful learning usually requires
rehearsal or conscious
repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)
http://w
ww
.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
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Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables
were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to
remember them on Day 2.
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Memory Effects
1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.
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What We Encode
1. Encoding by meaning2. Encoding by images3. Encoding by organization
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Encoding Meaning
Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine.
Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better
recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.
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Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially
when combined with semantic encoding.
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.
Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
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Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in
aiding memory.
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Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide
them into categories and subcategories.
Organizing Information for Encoding
1. Chunking2. Hierarchies
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Chunking
Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the
numbers below.1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together
and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.
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Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.
HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
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Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided
into categories and subcategories.
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Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
How good is your memory? I will present you with a table of 25 different objects
• Write down all the objects that you can remember.
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Storage: Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown
below:SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
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Sensory Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
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Sensory Memories
Iconic0.5 sec. long
Echoic3-4 sec. long
Hepatic< 1 sec. long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
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Working Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
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Working Memory
Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2)
and a short duration (20 seconds).
Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up
to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.
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Capacity
You should be able torecall 7±2 letters.
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our
Capacity for Processing Information (1956).
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready?
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Chunking
F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.”
FBI TWA CIA IBM
4 chunks
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Duration
Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by
manipulating rehearsal.
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The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.
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Working Memory Duration
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Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
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Long-Term Memory
Essentially unlimited capacity store.
The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches ofburied pine seeds during winter and spring.
R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers
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Memory Feats
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Memory Stores
FeatureSensoryMemory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic
Capacity Unlimited7±2
ChunksVery Large
Duration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. Years
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Storing Memories in the Brain
1. Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed previous research data showing, through brain stimulation, that memories were etched into the brain and found that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks.
2. Using rats, Lashley (1950) suggested that even after removing parts of the brain, the animals retain partial memory of the maze.
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Déjà VuDéjà Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an
earlier similar experience. ©
The New
Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com
. All Rights Reserved
Test
Deja Vu (French)--already seen * cues from the current situation may
subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before.“
Say each word loudly as I show it to you…
REST
TIRED
AWAKE
DREAM
SNORE
BED
EAT
SLUMBER
SOUND
COMFORT
WAKE
NIGHT
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