general physiology (bio 109) - cellular respiration with questions at the end

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Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 22 )) requiring

process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy energy (ATP)(ATP) and water (Hwater (H 22 O).O).

C 6H 1 2O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H 2O + energy

glucoseglucose ATP

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Question:Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular In what kinds organisms does cellular

respiration take place?respiration take place?

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Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

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MitochondriaMitochondria OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes

place.

Innermembrane

Outermembrane

Innermembrane space

MatrixCristae

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Redox ReactionRedox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from

one reactant to another.

Two types:Two types:1.1. OxidationOxidation2.2. ReductionReduction

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Oxidation ReactionOxidation Reaction

The lossloss of electrons from a substance .

Or the gaingain of oxygenoxygen.

C 6H 1 2O 6 + 6O 2 →6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energyglucose ATP

OxidationOxidation

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Reduction ReactionReduction Reaction

The gaingain of electrons to a substance.

Or the lossloss of oxygenoxygen.

glucose ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

ReductionReduction

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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration

Four main parts (reactions).Four main parts (reactions).

1. Glycolysis (splitt ing of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitt ing of sugar)a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.

2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phasea. migration from cytosol to matrix.

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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration

3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)a. mitochondrial matrix

4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation

a. Also called Chemiosmosisb. inner mitochondrial membrane.

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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of

mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):

A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phasea. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).

B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phasea. Energy payoff phase (second 5

steps).

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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis

A. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:

Glucose (6C)

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)

2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced

2ATP

2ADP + P

C-C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-C

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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis

B. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)

Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR)

0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced

4ATP

4ADP + P

C-C-C C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-C

GAP GAP

(PYR) (PYR)

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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)2 - NADH

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate groupphosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Enzyme

Substrate

O-

C=OC-O-CH2

P P P Adenosine

ADP(PEP)Example:

PEP to PYR

P PP

ATP

O-

C=OC=OCH2

Product(Pyruvate)

Adenosine

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Fermentation Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”“NO Oxygen” is

present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of

fermentationfermentation.

Two Types:Two Types:

1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi →→ beer and winebeer and wine

glucose

Glycolysis

CCCCCC

CCC

2 Pyruvic acid

2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2

2NADH

P

2 NAD+

CC

2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22

releasedreleased

2NADH 2 NAD+

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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - CO 2

2 - Ethanol’s

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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

Animals (pain in muscle after a Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).workout).

2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid

2NADH 2 NAD+

CCC

Glucose

GlycolysisCCC

2 Pyruvic acid

2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2

2NADH

P

2 NAD+

CCCCCC

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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

End Products: Lactic acid fermentationEnd Products: Lactic acid fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - Lactic Acids

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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic).

2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.

CytosolCCC

2 Pyruvate

2 CO2 CO22

2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoAC-CC-C

2NADH2NADH2 NAD+

Matrix

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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase End Products: End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase

2 - NADH2 - NADH

2 - CO2 - CO 22

2- Acetyl CoA (2C)2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle) Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.

Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).

It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.

MitochondrialMatrix

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle)

KrebsCycle

1 Acetyl CoA (2C)

3 NAD+

3 NADH3 NADHFAD

FADHFADH22

ATPATP ADP + P

(one turn)(one turn)

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

2 CO2

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle)

KrebsCycle

2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

6 NAD+

6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD

2 FADH2 FADH22

2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P

(two turns)(two turns)

OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)

4 CO2

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs

cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2. 6 - NADH3. 2 - FADH 2

4. 4 - CO 2

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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))

Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.

Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.

ETC pumps H + (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

InnerMitochondrialMembrane

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The reactants in cellular respiration are:

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CO2 & O

2

CO2 & C6H12O6

O2 &

C6H12O6

ATP &

H2O

25% 25%25%25%

1. CO2 & O2

2. CO2 & C6H12O6

3. O2 & C6H12O6

4. ATP & H2O

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

In glycolysis you need ___ATP and make ____ ATP

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2 , 2 2 , 4 4 , 2 4 , 4

25% 25%25%25%

1. 2 , 22. 2 , 43. 4 , 24. 4 , 4

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

The phase of glycolysis where you use 2 ATP.

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Energ

y Yieldin...

Energ

y Investm

...

Energ

y Product

...

Energ

y Complet..

.

25% 25%25%25%

1. Energy Yielding2. Energy Investment3. Energy Production4. Energy

Completion

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Glycolysis results in 2 ATP and ________.

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2 NADH &

2 pyr.

..

2 NADH &

4 ATP

2 NADH+ &

2 py...

2 NAHH+ &

4 AT...

25% 25%25%25%

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

1. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate2. 2 NADH & 4 ATP3. 2 NADH+ & 2 pyruvate4. 2 NAHH+ & 4 ATP

The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP

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ATP synth

ase

Oxidativ

e Phos...

ETC

Substr

ate leve...

25% 25%25%25%

1. ATP synthase2. Oxidative

Phosphorylation3. ETC4. Substrate level

phosphorylation

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Water and what are made in cellular respiration?

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CO 2 & A

TP

CO2 & C6H12O6

O2 &

C6H12O6

O2 &

ATP

25% 25%25%25%

1. CO 2 & ATP2. CO2 & C6H12O6

3. O2 & C6H12O6

4. O2 & ATP

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Where does respiration occur?

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Nucle

us

Chloroplasts

Mito

chondria

Cytoplasm

25% 25%25%25%

1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. Mitochondria4. Cytoplasm

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

What types of organisms use cellular respiration?

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All p

lants

All Anim

als

All E

ukaryote

s

All P

roka

ryote

...

25% 25%25%25%

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1. All plants2. All Animals3. All Eukaryotes4. All Prokaryotes

A molecule that loses electrons is:

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Oxidize

d

Reduce

d

Neutra

lized

Molecu

larized

25% 25%25%25%

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1. Oxidized2. Reduced3. Neutralized4. Molecularized

What is the definition of glycolysis?

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Makin

g suga

r

Makin

g ATP

Splitt

ing suga...

Splitt

ing ATP

25% 25%25%25%

1. Making sugar2. Making ATP3. Splitting sugar4. Splitting ATP

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Where does glycolysis occur?

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Mito

chondria

l ...

Chloroplast

Nucle

us

Cytoso

l

25% 25%25%25%

1. Mitochondrial matrix

2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))

The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.

All NADH and FADH 2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.

Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))

Innermembrane

Outermembrane

Innermembrane space

MatrixCristae

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4. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (( Chemiosmosis for Chemiosmosis for NADHNADH ))

NADH+ H+

ATPSynthase

1H+ 2H+ 3H+

higher Hhigher H++

concentrationconcentration

H+

ADP + ATP

lower Hlower H++

concentrationconcentration

H+

(Proton Pumping)

P

E T C

NAD+

2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O

Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space

MatrixMatrix

InnerMitochondrialMembrane

What occurs after glycolysis if there is no O2 present?

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Kre

b’s Cycle

ETC

Ferm

entatio

n

Oxid

ative p

hos...

8%0%

88%

4%

1. Kreb’s Cycle2. ETC3. Fermentation4. Oxidative

phosphorylation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

What organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation?

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Plants

Fungi

Both

1 & 2

Neith

er 1 nor .

..

8%0%

92%

0%

1. Plants2. Fungi3. Both 1 & 24. Neither 1 nor 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

What product of alcoholic fermentation gave it its name?

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ATP CO2

Ethan

ol

Lacti

c Acid

4%12%

77%

8%

1. ATP2. CO2

3. Ethanol4. Lactic Acid

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

What organisms undergo lactic acid fermentation?

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Plants

Fungi

Animals

None of t

he ab...

0% 0%

100%

0%

1. Plants2. Fungi3. Animals4. None of the above

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

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Mito

chondria

l ...

Chloroplast

Nucle

us

Cytoso

l

25% 25%25%25%

1. Mitochondrial matrix

2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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4. 4. ETC ETC and and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (Chemiosmosis for (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)

FADH2

+ H+

ATPSynthase

1H+ 2H+

higher Hhigher H++

concentrationconcentration

H+

ADP + ATP

lower Hlower H++

concentrationconcentration

H+

(Proton Pumping)

P

E T C

FAD+2H+ +

1/2O2

H2O

Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space

MatrixMatrix

InnerMitochondrialMembrane

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TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD

1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation

2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylat ion

38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

ATPATP

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Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)

Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)

04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis

06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)

18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle

04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle

36 ATP - TOTAL

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Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)

36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

Glucose

Glycolysis

2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP

2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)

2NADH

2NADH

6NADH

KrebsCycle

2FADH2

2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)

2 Pyruvate

2 Acetyl CoA

ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cytosol

Mitochondria

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ProkaryotesProkaryotes(Lack Membranes)(Lack Membranes)

Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)

06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis

06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)

18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle

04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle

38 ATP - TOTAL

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Question:Question: In addit ion to glucose, what other In addit ion to glucose, what other

various food molecules are use in various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

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Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of VariousFood MoleculesFood Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel.

1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides

2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids

3. Proteins: amino acids

If O2 is present after glycolysis this is made.

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ATP

Lact

ic Acid

Ace

tyl C

oA

Pyru

vate

29%

19%

43%

10%

1. ATP2. Lactic Acid3. Acetyl CoA4. Pyruvate

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

The Krebs cycle makes CO2, FADH2 and:

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ATP and O2

ATP and N

ADH

NADH and O

2

Pyruvat

e and O...

17%8%

0%

75%

1. ATP and O2

2. ATP and NADH3. NADH and O2

4. Pyruvate and O2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

What enzyme makes ATP in the ETC

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

1. ETC synthase2. ATP synthase3. Enolase4. Hexokinase

Why do protons (H+) move across the inner membrane

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Osm

osis

Elect

ron Flow

Diff

usion

Active

transp

o...

8% 8%

65%

19%

1. Osmosis2. Electron Flow3. Diffusion4. Active transport

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Each NADH yields _______ ATP

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1 2 3 4

0%

16%

60%

24%

1. 12. 23. 34. 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Each FADH2 yields ____ATP

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1 2 3 4

0% 4%0%

96%1. 12. 23. 34. 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

How many ATP are made in cellular respiration?

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4 30 38 44

11%4%

85%

0%

1. 42. 303. 384. 44

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Which process produces more ATP?

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Substr

ate leve...

Oxidativ

e phos..

.

74%

26%

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

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