gender role development ch. 4 sec.4. gender and sex sex- physical and biological make up. (xx or xy...
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Gender Role Development
Ch. 4 Sec.4
Gender and Sex
• Sex- physical and biological make up. (XX or XY chromosomes).– By age 2 or 3, most children
can label themselves as a boy or girl.
Gender roles
• Gender role- set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex.
Gender stereotypes
• Gender stereotypes- oversimplified generalization. (i.e., men are tough, women are emotional).
Gender roles
• Androgynous- combining male and female characteristics.– Aka “gender-neutral” or “non-
binary”– Younger people don’t feel a
need to define themselves along rigid gender lines.
Gender
• Gender Identity: How one individual identifies (male, female, gender-neutral, etc)
• Gender Expression: How we express ourselves in terms of gender (masculine, feminine, androgynous).
Gender• Transgender: One who’s
gender identity does not match their biological sex.
• Cisgender: One who’s gender identity and biological sex match.
• Intersex: One who is born with unique genitalia (approx. 1 in 1,600 births).
Origins of Gender Differences
• Biological Theory:– Role of anatomy, hormones,
and brain organization.– Gender differences are the
result of certain behaviors men and women adopted to survive.
Origins of Gender Differences
• Psychoanalytical Theory:– Freud: identification. – Boys identify with their father;
girls with their mother.– But is this the cause or the
result of gender differences?
Origins of Gender Differences
• Social Learning Theory:– Children learn by imitating
gender models and from rewards and punishments.
– Ex: boy may be punished for crying; girl may be punished for being too loud.
Origins of Gender Differences
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory:– Children learn by interacting
with their environment and learning from experiences.
– Children must first know they are male or female so they can form a gender schema.
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