gender perspective
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Gender Perspective
Linda JohanssonHead of Section, Capability and Liaison
at Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations
2010-2011 Gender Advisor to COM RC N Afghanistan2008-2009 Gender Field Advisor to COM PRT MES Afghanistan
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Agenda
• Background UNSCR 1325 and related resolutions• Terms and definitions• Gender perspectives in military operations• Implementation in peace keeping operations• Mission specific examples
- Group discussions • Questions
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Aim
Course participants will be introduced to:
• Terms and definitions related to Gender in Peacekeeping Operations
• The background of UNSCR 1325 and related resolutions, “Women, peace and security”
• Practical examples and Lessons Learned
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What is Gender?
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Gender terms and definitions
SexGender
Gender perspectiveGender balance
Gender HierarchyGender System
Gender-based violence Sexual violence Gender equality
Gender equity
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Three themes which we should not mix up• Assumptions and culture about being male and being female
– changes and varies between areas and over time.
• Actual roles and patterns: economical, political, legal and social roles for men and women. These result in patters/trends of access to power and resources. Changes slowly but faster during war and conflict resolution. Many similarities between countries but cannot be assumed (but makes it possible to ask generic questions).
• Biological differences between men and women (most notably medical importance). The same in all countries and ‘non-changing’. Ex. maternal mortality.
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• Focus on that Gender perspective is essential for the operational effects
• Education, training and understanding• Leadership
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What is the first thing that hits your mind when you hear?
Men, War and conflicts
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What is the first thing that hitts your mind when you hear?
Women, War and conflicts
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Traditional Gender Constructions
Men• Soldier• Defend, fight• Protector• Public sphere• do the necessary ‘evil’
Women• Mother, Wife, Doughter• Care, nurture, nurse• Protected• Private sphere• the good and beautiful
Gender, Sex and the Postnational Defense –
Annika Kronsell (2012)
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What is a gender perspective and why is it important?
To have a gender perspective is to be able to detect if and when men and women are being affected differently by a situation/operation due to their
gender.
It is also used as a tool to provide special protection and uphold the freedom of movement for women
and girls and in order to strengthen their rights and security.
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Unless we know who is affected — women or men, girls or boys — and who among them is most at risk, at what time and place, the protection/security we provide may
be off target.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (article 1 and 2)
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
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UNSCR 1325 (2000) Original resolution – participation, protection & gender mainstreaming
UNSCR 1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violenceUNSCR 1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation) UNSCR 1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicatorsUNSCR 1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity)UNSCR 2106 (2013) Conflict related sexual violanceUNSCR 2122 (2013) Participation
UN ”Women, Peace & Security” Resolutions
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The 3 Pillars of WPS
The Deputy Secretary-General developed 3 key strategies to implement the UNSCR 1325:
• Protection• Prevention• Participation
-Method: Gender Mainstreaming
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ProtectionThe UNSCR on Women, Peace and Security reaffirm the need to implement fully international humanitarian and human rights law that protects the rights of the entire population during and after conflicts.
Which mandates exist to protect vulnerable groups?-Outside military protection-domestic protection -judicial protection
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Participation
The UNSCR 1325 encourages the Secretary-General to implement his strategic plan of action calling for an increase in the participation of women at all decision-making levels in conflict resolution and peace processes. Implementation can be achieved through:-Peace negotiations-Female Key Leaders-Elections
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Prevention
Understanding the impact of armed conflict on the entire population in ordet to effectively institutionalise arrangements to guarantee protection, as a method to prevent.
The full participation in the peace process can significantly contribute to the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. For example:-with the use of correct information -higher female participation and representation, etc.
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Gender and Operations Planning Directive
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Gender Analysis
Activity Profile- Who does what, where and when?Resources Profile- Who accesses, controls and benefits from valued resources?Influencing factors- Community norms and social hierarchies, demographic factors, institutional structures, laws, training & education etc.Assessments- Consequences, impact, inputs and needs
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Gender Analysis
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Tasks at tactical level in Military Operations
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Patrolling
Protection activities
Assistance to national security forces
Humanitarian aid support
Check-point duties
Men Women Boys Girls
• Robbery
• Assault
• Homicide
• Gang violence
• Forced to rape their own family members
• Rape and sexual torture
• Human trafficking
• Domestic violence
• Domestic violence
• Sexual assault
• Dowry death
• Sexual harassment
• Rape
• 'Honour' killings
• Stalking
• Forced sterilisation
• Human trafficking
• Gang violence
• Child abuse, rape
• Bullying
• Abduction
• Human trafficking
• Buying/selling for prostitution
• Infanticide
• Child abuse, rape
• Human trafficking
• Abduction
• Child marriage
• Buying/selling for prostitution
Whose security?
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MONUSCO Task:
You are tasked to perform a gender analysis on the
following incident report;
The electric utilities has cout down all power supplies
to a village clouse by the administrative border.
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MONUSCO – Safe and secure environment
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Task:
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Questions?
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Women, Peace and SecurityWay Ahead:
• Improve the involvement of women at all levels in the peace process and ensure women’s participation in the struggle of bringing peace, develompent and good governance.
• Gender Perspectives in Operations should be planned, executed and evaluated in line with the operational objectives.
• Doctrines, policies• Orders and plans.• Decisive conditions and End State
“Looking the other way makes you a part of the problem. Protecting the people not only requires protecting them from physical harm but also corruption and abuse of power”
- COMISAF Directive 2009
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Mission Documents
• Oplan– With gender annex
• FRAGOs• SOPs• TTPs• Assessments and reports
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”Only if women play a full and equal part can we build the foundations for enduring peace, development, good governance, human rights and justice.”
- Kofi A. Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006.
Major Linda JohanssonHead of Section, Capability and Liaison
at Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations
Questions?
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Gender/Sex
”Gender refers to the social attributes associated with being male and female learned through socialisation and determines a person’s position and value in a given context. This means also the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relationsships between women and those by men. These atrributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialisation processes. Notably, gender does not equate to woman”
NATO Bi-SC Directive 40-1
”Sex defines the biological differences between men and women. These characteristics are congenital and their differences are limited to psysiological reproductive functions”
Gender Makes Sense – CCOE
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Identify Training Need (Why)
TOPICS TO LEARN• Definition & Concept of Gender• UNSCR 1325 and related Resolutions• NATO Directive BI-SC 40-1 • Operational impact of Gender• Women Empowerment (KLE)• Cooperation with other actors (stakeholders) dealing with Gender• Gender in relation to CIMIC/Development Projects• Standards of behavior / Code of Conduct• Gender and Security• Gender Based Violence and Violation of Human Rights• Gender in relation to the specific culture• Gender in relation to Human Rights / Local Legislation • Gender in relation to refugees
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The PRT activities support the 3 pillars of security, governance and development
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Gender perspective at staff LevelExecutive Level
Commander, Deputy Commander, Chief of Staff‒ Benefits (how GENAD can contribute to their work)‒ Relate to mission accomplishment
Operational LevelOperational Staff (J-2, 3, 5,9)
‒ Benefits of using a Gender Perspective‒ Use OPORD and MDMP as basis for format
Subordinate Commands (Executive Officer, Staff)
Tactical LevelIdentify units based on missionStructure to mission
‒ Joint Regional Detachments (JRD)‒ Liaison Monitoring Teams (LMT, LOT)‒ Civilian Military Cooperation (CIMIC)
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Guidance (Why)
UNSCR WPS On women, peace and security
Implementation Plan (Policy) NATO Action Plan (Operations)
Mainstreaming UNSCR 1325 into NATO-led Operations and Missions
Bi-SC Directive 40-1 (Military) Integrating UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspective in
the NATO Command Structure
Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations
Gender mainstreaming
is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels.
It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.
The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality’.
* UN DPKO
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, DPKO/DFS Guidelines: “Integrating a Gender Perspective into the work of the United Nations
Military in Peacekeeping Operations” March 2010, 2012-01-30, 11 am, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/dpko_dfs_gender_military_perspective.pdf
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COA dev.
OPLAN dev.
OPLANreview
MAB
MAB rehearsal
COA DB OPLAN UpdatedOPLAN
CO’s guidance
WngO OPORD
CO’s guidanceand Intent
MACOAdev.
OPP sequence
ORDER/FRAGO
TASKS
- ID- WO.
XXXX FRAGOOPS ”Kick-Off”- OPO WAR
GAMINGOCM
COA DBrehearsal
CONOPS
WngO ?
GENDER PERSPECTIVE must be incuded
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Decisive Conditions - DCs
Own ForceCredibility
Ceasefire established
Zones ofSeparationestablished
Border re-established
Refugees returned (women,men,boys and girls)
ElectionsSuccessful
Equal participation
Mil securityachieved
Military handoverFemales are
incuded in SSR
Former WarringFactions (FWF)
Passed through DDRWomen,men,boys
and girls
Civilian auth. in place and control
Active participation of women
Example of an Operational Design for a CRO/PSO
CRO-Crisis Respons Operation.
COG
Stage II:Orientation
End State
Human trafficingprevented
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