gender mainstreaming in development projects
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Training for Wetlands Alliance Program (WAP) Network Members
Trainer: Ms. Jagriti Shankar
Gender and Development Studies
Asian Institute of Technology
9-10 October, 2012
Yangon, Myanmar
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Gender Mainstreaming in Development Projects
Learning Objectives
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After this session you should be able to:
Recognise the importance of gender mainstreaming in development projects
Identify gender sensitive and non-sensitive activities of development projects
Project
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• Project is a Series of Activities to Achieve a Goal/Objective
• Project can be Donor Funded or Community Initiated
• Project bring about change
Change in livelihood / Food Security
Change in Health/Nutrition / Attitude and Behavior of people
Project Life Cycle
4
Baseline Data
And
Situation Analysis
Project Planning &
Design
Implementation
Monitoring
&
Evaluation
Why projects fail or under-achieve?
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Can Neglecting Gender Roles or Gender Relations lead to Project
Failure?
Have a look at this development intervention.. (source: UNDP)
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We have brought Food for
everyone, Go get from the tree.
Now answer these Q. based on the Picture
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Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all animals?
Does the same thing happens in development projects?
What should be done instead?
Some common Implicit Assumptions of Development Programs, that cause failure
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Men are the head of household -> So, project activities for economic benefits involve men, & volunteer activities involve women to get their free labour. Working women and Women headed households are often forgotten.
Women will automatically join -> Because Women do
Housework /child care , which is not much efforts so they will work for the project. But women don’t join, they are busy.
Women are incharge of care work -> So Interventions related to family planning focus women, but power relations are forgotten (i.e. Men decide abt contraceptive/sterilisation), and projects fail
Exercise 1
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Give one example of a gender assumption from your own project or
other projects
Stakeholders analysis
Major Issues/Pro
blem Analysis
Possible Solutions/ Objectives
Analysis
Step 1: Situation Analysis
Situation Analysis is often not gender sensitive 10
Step 1: Gender Sensitive Situation Analysis
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Know your (both men and women) stakeholders – Do the gender analysis Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and
Control of Resources
Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for development policy and implementation
A Review of Women’s Priorities, Women’s Practical Needs and Strategic Interest and ways to address them
A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics
Understand the links between poverty and gender inequality
Step 1: Gender Sensitive SA–How?
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Disaggregate and analysis all data collected by sex
Actively involve women, men, girls and boys from diverse social groups in the analysis and identification of needs
Identify existing sources of information, e.g. local women’s group, local gender specialists, existing gender studies
SA Example (Gender sensitive?)
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Stakeholder and basic characteristics
Interests and how affected by the problem(s)
Possible actions to address stakeholder interests
Fishing families: -c.20,000 families, -Low income earners, - Small scale family businesses, - Organized into informal Cooperatives
- Maintain and improve their means of livelihood - Pollution is affecting volume and quality of catch
- Lobby to implement industry pollution control measures - Identify/develop alternative income sources
Source: EuropeanAid Cooperation Office (http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/ba0004e/ba0004e00 .pdf) (edited)
SA Example (Gender sensitive)
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Stakeholder and basic characteristics
How affected by the problem(s)
Possible actions to address stakeholder interests
Fishing families: -c.20,000 families, 1000 Women headed households - Low income earners, small scale family businesses, -organized into informal cooperatives, Some Women Groups -Women actively involved in fish processing and marketing
- Maintain and improve their means of livelihood - Pollution is affecting volume and quality of catch - Family health is suffering particularly children and Mothers are undernourished
- Implement industry pollution control measures - Identify/develop alternative income sources for women and men - Discuss with Women groups on how to improve health of women and children
Source: EuropeanAid Cooperation Office (http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/ba0004e/ba0004e00.pdf)
Exercise 2: Which Project is Gender
Sensitive?
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Project A: A researcher is sent to the village, he discusses the problem with village head, comes back to office and prepares the report for project design
Project B: A male and A female researcher go to the village. Male researcher discusses with male villagers about the issue. Female researcher discusses women’s issues with group of women. They both come back to office, discuss all inputs and design the project to benefit both men and women.
Step2: Planning/Design
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Set up Objectives
Design log frame , indicators, assumptions, sources of verification etc.
Chart out activities
Budget
Step2: Gender Sensitive Planning/Design-I
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In a gender sensitive project:
Project objectives will reflect a gender analysis and state the changes in terms of increased gender equality and women’s empowerment
Beneficiaries are disaggregated by sex
Activity plans clarify how equal participation of male and female beneficiaries will be ensured
Gendered assumptions are not made
Step2: Gender Sensitive Planning/Design-II
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In a gender sensitive project:
Budgets reflect gender-specific activities, eg: trainings/awareness raising activities on gender, women targeted activities, initiatives to engage men in gender equality work etc.
Project’s potential impact on gender equality are anticipated including any negative impact such an increase in women’s workload
Monitoring indicators include those to measure change in gender equality, and baseline gender data is collected
Step2: Planning/Design: How?
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Ensure that both female and male staff members are able to actively influence the planning process.
Actively involve female and male beneficiaries in the planning process, and ensure that each of their gendered interests is reflected in decisions made.
Exercise 3:Which project is GS and Why?
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Goal Objectives Activity Plan P
roje
ct A
To improve the living conditions of villagers
To improve economic opportunities for villagers
-Micro credit to be given on based of property entitlements -Full day trainings for skills improvement at community centre to be organized
Pro
ject
B
To improve the living conditions of men and women in the village
To improve economic opportunities for women and men of the target group
-Micro credit to be given to both women and men -Skills improvement training to be organized for women and men -Discuss with women group about the content, timings of the training
Step 3: Implementation
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Project Management takes the decision about how to carry out project activities
Staff is Hired to Execute the Project
Step 3: Gender Sensitive Implementation
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A Gender Sensitive Project Implementation Will-
Make sure women and men (beneficiaries and staff) have equal access to information, resources and opportunity to carry out their responsibilities
Make sure women’s participation doesn’t increase their workload and women get returns for their participation
Make sure men understand why equal participation of women is important
Step 3: Implementation- How?
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Improve gender analysis capacity of staff and project management
Involve female beneficiaries during planning and implementation of activities
Involve female staff in the decision making at project management levels
Consider women’s available times for meetings
Provide support for women’s reproductive activities to encourage them to involve in productive activities
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A project supporting livelihood by investing to raise dairy cattle in Nepal.
• Women in the project area are supported by giving dairy cattle
• Women take care and feed cattle. Men are the ones that sell milk because women are busy with their housework and are not encouraged to go to public areas.
• Men used the money from selling milk for their needs.
• Women’s burden increased
• After few months some cattle died because women couldn’t tell the cattle were sick
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Exercise: Discuss what went wrong, however the project claimed it involved women?
Institutional Factors
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Are there gender sensitive recruitment practices, equal pay for equal work, equal access to career development opportunities, gender balance in staff at all levels spl. Management?
Are budget and resources allocated to gender equality work?
Is there collaboration/ communication with external groups working on gender, especially women’s groups?
Is the working culture of its own organization conducive to the empowerment of women or do discriminatory attitudes and practices exist?
Do family-friendly policies exist, e.g. flexible working hours, childcare?
Step 4: Monitoring and Evaluation
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A monitoring plan will be set which will explain:
What data to be collected
How the data will be collected (tools used, surveys, Interviews, FGD etc. )
When to collect data
Who will collect the data
How the data will be analyzed
Gender Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation
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Identify gender sensitive project indicators
Gender Sensitive M&E plan and data collection activities
Monitor changes in gender relations, women and men’s access to resources, and decision making,
Monitor incidence of gender-based violence
Monitor changes in women’s empowerment (confidence, self-esteem, capacity for leadership and self-organization)
Gender Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation- How?
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Consult women and men separately as they might have different perceptions of impact
Ensure a gender balance of staff on monitoring and evaluation teams
Ensure Monitoring and evaluations staff have adequate gender analysis skills
Exercise: Which is more gender sensitive?
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Project A: Male enumerators were hired and sent to villages to do the survey. They called the meeting of villagers. They were mostly men and a few women. They gave everyone a questionnaire to fill out. The form was in English. However they explained the meaning of questions, only a few men could reply all the answers. In the end the enumerators called for a discussion and collected the details.
Project B: Male and female enumerators were hired and given training on many tools of data collection as well as gender analysis. They went to villagers’ home and work places as per respondent’s availability. Men enumerators talked to men respondents and women enumerators talked to women respondents. Discussion and questionnaires were in local language. Women could participate in discussion and fill the questionnaire with little help.
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- Equal participation by men and women in the decision-making processes for setting priorities and allocating resources
- Equal access to and control over society’s opportunities, resources and development outcomes by women and men
- Equal recognition and status for men and women
- Women and men enjoy equal human rights
- Equal improvements in and standards of quality of life for women and men
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What to expect in a successful gender mainstreamed project
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Thank you!
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