gd&t - overview
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
What is GD&T?
• Rules based method of placing dimensions and tolerances on a drawing
• Considers actual part function and interfaces
• Tolerances relative to functional features
• Not in a vacuum. Must consider role in an assembly
Why use GD&T?
• Saves money– Maximum producibility
– Maximum component tolerances - over conservative designs
– Bonus tolerances
• Focus on functional relationships
• Insures interchangeability
Why use GD&T? (cont’d)
• Drawing uniformity, no misinterpretations
• Control of complex geometry
• Becoming the standard
When to use GD&T?
• Features critical to function or interchangeability
• Functional gaging desired
• Need consistency between tooling, manufacturing and inspection operations
• Standard interpretation or tolerance not implied
Two key elements of GD&T
• Datums - The reference features that the tolerances are given with respect to.
• Geometric Tolerances - The zone in which a controlled feature must lie.
Datums
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of
a specified datum feature.
Datum Feature
The actual feature (hole, slot, surface, etc.) on a part that is used to establish the datum.
1982 vs. 1994 Datum Standards
-A-
-D-
ANSI Y14.5-1982
AD
ASME Y14.5-1994
2009 Datum Standard
Datum Targets
• Specify specific zone of contact as a datum as opposed to an entire surface.
• Zones are typically correlated to some process or assembly fixture.
• May be points, lines or areas
Datum Target
C1
Datum Reference Frame
• A set of three mutually orthogonal planes created from a combination of one or more datums.
• The origin from which geometric tolerances are evaluated.
• Chosen relative to part function and mating component interfaces.
Datum Reference Frames (cont’d)
• Must lock up the part in six degrees of freedom.
Yaw
Pitch
Roll
X
Y
Z
3-2-1 Principle
• 3 Points - Primary Datum
• 2 Points - Secondary Datum
• 1 Point - Tertiary Datum
Datum Order Specification
BC
A
Theoretical Part Actual Part
Datum Order Specification
Datum Reference Frame Creation3 Planar Datums
A
C
B
Datum Reference Frame CreationPlane, Hole, Slot Datums
A
B
C
Datum Reference Frame CreationPlane, 3 Slot Datums
A
C
B
Datum Reference Frame CreationAxis, Plane, Median Plane Datums
B
A
C
Implied Datums4X 1.0 0.1
1.0 0.1
5.0 0.1
6.0 0.1
2.0 0.1
6.0 0.1
10.0 0.1
Implied Datums4X 1.0 0.1
1.0
5.0
6.0 0.1
2.0
6.0
10.0 0.1
.2 M A B C
A
B
C
Feature Control Frame
• Specifies the geometric tolerance for a given feature
• Tolerance symbol
• Tolerance value
• Datum references etc.
0.2 A B CM M
Geometric Characteristic Symbol (Position)Diameter symbol
Tolerance Value
Feature Modifier
Primary Datum
Secondary DatumTertiary Datum
Datum Modifier
Feature of Size
A feature to which a size dimension can be applied such as a cylinder or a set of two
opposed elements or parallel surfaces
Maximum Material Condition
• The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size.
• Tolerance at MMC means the tolerance is dependent on the size of the feature.
• Ensures interchangeability.
M
Regardless of Feature Size
• The geometric tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within the allowable size tolerance.
• Implied if no other modifier is specified.
S
Least Material Condition
• The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size.
• The opposite of MMC.
• Use is rare relative to MMC and RFS.
L
Geometric Tolerances
• Form Tolerances
• Profile Tolerances
• Orientation Tolerances
• Runout Tolerances
• Locations Tolerances
Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Line Profile
Surface Profile
Flatness
Straightness
Cylindricity
Angularity
Parallelism
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Circularity
GeometricCharacteristic
SymbolFeature Type Tolerance Type
Individual Features
Individual or Related Features
Related Features
Form
Profile
Orientation
Runout
Location
Perpendicularity
Form Tolerances• Form tolerances control how far an actual
surface or feature is permitted to vary from the desired (theoretical) from implied by the drawing.
• Applied to individual features with no datum references.
• Refinements of size
Form - Straightness (2D)• 2D control when applied to line elements of a surface.
• Each line element of the surface must fall within the tolerance zone consisting of two parallel lines.
0.05 0.05 tolerance zone
Form - Straightness (3D)• 3D control when applied to a axis or median plane
feature.
• For an axis - tolerance zone is cylindrical
0.05 tolerance zone
0.05 M
12 0.02
Straightness Example
Actual Part Tolerance
Size Zone
12.02 MMC 0.05
12.01 0.06
12.00 0.07
11.99 0.08
11.98 LMC 0.09
Form - Flatness• 3D tolerance controlling the deviation of a planar surface
• Tolerance zone is two parallel planes
0.05
0.05 tolerance zone
Form - Circularity• 2D tolerance controlling the roundness of each
circular cross section through a feature.
• Tolerance zone is two concentric circles.
0.02 0.02 tolerance zone
Form - Cylindricity
• 3D tolerance controlling both circular and longitudinal elements of a cylinder.
• Tolerance zone is two concentric cylinders.
Tolerance Zone0.05
Orientation Tolerances
• Orientation tolerances allow a surface or feature to vary in orientation relative to a datum.
• Datum reference required.
Orientation - Angularity• Condition of a surface, axis or median plane that is at an
angle (other that 90º or 180º) to a datum plane or axis.
• Tolerance zone is two parallel planes for planar features or a cylinder for axis features.
.005 tolerance zone
40
.005 A
A
Angularity applied to feature of size
80
A
5.1 0.1
80
.15 M ATolerance Zone
Orientation - Perpendicularity
• A special case of angularity where the angle is 90º between the feature and the datum.
A
0.05 A0.05 tolerance zone
Simulated plane A
Orientation - Parallelism
• A special case of angularity where the angle is 180º between the feature and the datum.
A
0.05 A0.05 tolerance zone
Simulated plane A
Runout Tolerances
• A runout tolerance control how far a surface or is allowed to deviate from its theoretical form and orientation during a full 360º rotation of the part about the datum axis.
• Runout is applied at RFS.
• A datum axis is required.
Runout - Circular Runout
• 2D tolerance controlling a surface with respect to an axis.
• The tolerance zone is two concentric circles for cylindrical surface and two circles separated axially for planar surfaces perpendicular to the datum axis.
Circular Runout
A
2.0042.000
.004 A
.004 tolerance zone
Runout - Total Runout
• 3D tolerance controlling a surface with respect to an axis.
• The tolerance zone is two concentric cylinders for cylindrical surfaces and two parallel planes for planar surfaces perpendicular to the datum axis.
Total Runout
A
2.0042.000
.004 A
.004 tolerance zone
Profile Tolerances
• Controls a surface within a uniform boundary along the theoretical profile.
• Applied to individual features or related features relative to a datum.
• Feature modifiers are not applicable.
Profile - Line Profile• 2D tolerance controlling the line elements of a surface.
• The tolerance zone is two parallel profile boundaries offset from the nominal surface.
10.0 .05
10.0
BA
1.0 A B
5.0
Tolerance Zone
Profile - Surface Profile• 3D tolerance controlling the entirety of a surface.
• The tolerance zone is two parallel profile boundaries offset from the nominal surface.
0.05 tolerance zone0.05 A B C
A
B C
Location Tolerances
• Controls the allowable deviation in a specified location of a feature of size relative to some other feature or datum.
• Require datum reference in most cases.
Location - Position• 3D tolerance used to locate features of size.
• The tolerance zone is a cylinder for round features and two parallel planes for median plane features.
.010 M A B C
4X 1.25 +/- .005C
A
B
.010 tolerance zone
Actual
Hole
Tolerance
Zone
Bonus
Tolerance
1.245 MMC .010 0.000
1.246 .011 0.001
1.247 .012 0.002
1.248 .013 0.003
1.249 .014 0.004
1.25 .015 0.005
1.251 .016 0.006
1.252 .017 0.007
1.253 .018 0.008
1.254 .019 0.009
1.255 LMC .020 0.010
Position Tolerance at MMC
.010 M A B C
4X 1.25 +/- .005
Position Tolerance at RFS
.010 A B C
4X 1.25 +/- .005
Actual
Hole
Tolerance
Zone
Bonus
Tolerance
1.245 MMC .010 0.0
1.246 .010 0.0
1.247 .010 0.0
1.248 .010 0.0
1.249 .010 0.0
1.25 .010 0.0
1.251 .010 0.0
1.252 .010 0.0
1.253 .010 0.0
1.254 .010 0.0
1.255 LMC .010 0.0
Location - Concentricity• 3D tolerance controlling the location of one axis
relative to another datum axis.
• Tolerance zone is a cylinder
1.0 .03
0.1 A
A
0.10 tolerance zone
Location - Symmetry• 3D tolerance mimicking concentricity, but applied
to non-cylindrical features of size.
• Tolerance zone is two parallel planes.
0.10 tolerance zone
1.0 .010
0.10 A
A
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