gating system designing - foundry...
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GATING
SYSTEM
DESIGNING
Feasibility of 2D drawing. Feasibility of Section thickness sensitivity with the help of 3D model .Ask customer to increase if below 5mm.
Feasibility of feeding location w.r.t. section thickness connectivity.
Identify hot spots and last cooling spot with the help of simulation .
Try to make casting in cope and maximum in drag.
Decide the parting line in a such way so that riser neck location can be provided easily.
Design the proved gating system on match plate first and then make cavity wise layout.
Knowledge of metallurgical and sand control.
Top view of sample casting
Side view of sample casting
Cut section of sample casting
Lay out of sample casting
Casting wt: 47.3 kg.
Considering 70% yield
Bunch wt:68.3kg {consider M:S ratio}
Pouring Time = √Bunch weight x 2.2
For Example :
Bunch weight is 68.3Kg x 2.2
√68.3x2.2 = 15Sec.
Flow rate = Bunch weight/pouring time
For Green Sand Casting – 4 to 5 kg
molten metal should pass in 1sec.
For Hand Molding casting - 6 to 7 kg
molten metal should pass in 1sec.
The purpose of gating system is
to allow the liquid iron to fill
mold cavity while, at the same
time ,screening out slag.
Gating
System
Types of Filter
Ceramic Pressed Filter
Extruded Filter
Foam Filter – 10PPI, 20PPI, 30PPI
Filters
The purpose of the risering
is to provide freedom from
defects potentially arising
from volume changes which
cooling and solidifying
graphitic irons
Selection of Riser/Sleeve
(Insulating & Exothermic)
Modulus of casting = Volume/Surface area
Modulus of Riser = 1.2 x Modulus of casting
Modulus of Riser Neck = 0.4 to 0.65 of
Modulus of casting
METALLURGICAL
CONTROL
Ferritic Grade Pearlitic Grade
400/18 500/7
450/10 550/6
450/12 600/3
700/2
800/2
900/2
Charge Ferritic Grade Pearlitic Grade
Pig Iron. 20%. 0%
CRCA 40% 60%
Home SGI RR 40% 40%
Charge Sequence - Pig Iron – Max.20% of the charge (Phosphorous below 0.02%,
Sulfur 0.015% & Ti less than 0.04% Mn 0.2%max,)
- Runner Riser (duly shot blasted) – 40% of the charge
- CRCA – 40% of the charge
- Graphite addition – as per calculation
- Silicon addition – as per calculation
- Spectro Sample Temperature – @1510 degree
- Furnace chemical analysis
- Carbon – 3.5 to 3.6%
- Silicon – 1.4 to 1.5%
- Mn – o.2% max
- Ph -0.02%max
- Cr – 0.04% max
- Sn – 0.01% max
- Ti – 0.04% max
- Cu – Depending upon grade
Charge Sequence
Desulfurization
As a general rule 1% CaC2
(calcium carbide) is needed to
reduce base sulfur content
from 0.1 to 0.01%
FeSiMg -Alloy FeSiMg alloys contains :
Magnesium – 5 to 7%
Si – 44 to 45%
Ca – 1.2 to 1.4%
Al – 0.8 to 1%
Br – 2 to 5% (produces uniform distribution of high nodule count in thin and heavy section)
Ce – 0.3 to 0.5%
Size of FeSiMg – 10 to 25mm
Addition : 1 to 1.2% of Liquid metal
Note : Don’t place in treatment ladle pocket until 15 to 20sec prior to tap, because alloy may fuse and stick to bottom and cause poor recovery
Cover Steel : 1% of liquid metal
The tap must be completed with in 50sec for 1Ton metal i.e. 20kg per second.
FeSiMg Treatment Base metal treatment temperature from 1530c to 1560c depending
upon section thickness of the casting.
Magnesium has boiling point about 1107c which is far lower than temperature of molten cast iron being treated. This together with high vapor pressure of magnesium at the treatment temperature prevent easy dilution of magnesium and result inconsiderable ignition and violence during the reaction.
Magnesium is also powerful desulphuriser element , so reacts with all sulfur present in the base metal before it become effective in changing graphite form, from flake to spheroid.
Magnesium reacts with sulfur /oxygen and form MgS which called dross (slag).
Specified range of residual magnesium to ensure the fully nodular structure is 0.035 to 0.045% of Mg . It should be noted that the major Mg is the total Mg i.e. it includes Mg combined as MgO , MgS and MgSiO3.
If the residual magnesium is too high i.e. above 0.06% there is strong risk of magnesium exerting its power tendency to promote carbide formation, porosity and dross.
Specification of Inoculation
75% Ferro silicon
1 to 1.2% Calcium
0.8 to 1% Aluminium
2 to 3% Br
INOCULATION
PRACTICE &
MICROSTRUCTURE
The metallurgical meaning of
the word “inoculation” is to
provide the melt with seeds
or “nuclei” onto which the
solid phases grow during
freezing.
Need for Inoculation
While pouring metal in mould, due to sudden change in
cooling temp i.e non equilibrium condition means from
1450 to 28 0r 30 degree room temp, under-cooling or
super cooling happens and because of there is chance of
difference in microstructure and there is chance of
carbide formation.
From inoculation nuclei , eutectic cell form in the metal
get warm and temp raised and come to equilibrium and
uniform cooling.
Stages of Inoculation
Stream inoculation size i.e 1 to 3mm for 500kg and 2 to
7 mm above 1ton
Late stream inoculation size 0.2 to0.5 mm
Use of Inoculation
For 10 to 40 mm ladle addition of 0.4 to 0.6%
For 3mm to 5mm ladle addition may be 0.8%
In case of late stream inoculation 0.1 to o.2 %
Effect of inoculation
Improve nodule count
Avoid carbide formation
Promoter graphite formation
Refining of microstructure
Reduce segregation tendency
Reduce shrinkage tendency
Improve machinability
Increase tensile strength
Increase ductility
Excess inoculation form more nuclei and because of this more graphite form.
Graphite has low density i.e 2.5 hence we get excess graphite on machine surface.
Grade wise Microstructure
DEFECT
ANALYSIS
Improper inoculation & Excess under cooling
Low silicon containing carbide
Excess Manganese , chromium , vanadium, Moly
Corrective action
Special causes:
Common causes:
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