fysisk institutt - rikshospitalet1 fys 4250. fysisk institutt - rikshospitalet2 fys 4250 table 1...
Post on 14-Dec-2015
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 1FYS 4250
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 2FYS 4250
Table 1 Content of air Volume %, equal to kPa if the barometric pressure is 100 kPa.
drysaturated
37oC
nitrogen 78.1 73.4
oxygen 20.9 19.6
argon 0.9 0.8
carbon dioxide 0.04 0.04
water vapor 0 6.3
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 3FYS 4250
Figure 1 Airways with
larynx, trachea, bronchi and
alveoles
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 4FYS 4250
Figure 2
Lung volume parameters
Equation 1 Compliance C = ΔV / ΔP [L/Pa, L/cmH2O]
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 5FYS 4250
Equation 2 Poiseuille4
8
r
LR
πη
= [Pa/m3/s = pressure / flow rate]
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 6FYS 4250
Figure 4 Flow lines with local hindrance
and a back eddy (non-laminar zone)
turbulence
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 7FYS 4250
Figure 5 PV-diagram
for a closed volume
PV=nRT
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 8FYS 4250
Gas properties
Tc [oC] Pc [bar] Tb [oC]
Helium (He) -268 2,4 -269
Nitrogen (N2) -147 33,6 -196
Argon (Ar) -122 49 -186
Oxygen (O2) -119 50,3 -183
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 31 73 *
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 36,5 72 *
Water (H2O) 374 218 100
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 9FYS 4250
Figure 6
Laplace cylinder model
P=T/r
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 10FYS 4250
Figure 7 Left: dry gas mixture, right: after insertion of a water filled dish
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 11FYS 4250
gas/blood [L/L]
gas/oil [L/L]
Nitrous oxide 0.5 1.4
Halotane 2.3 224
Enflurane 1.8 96
Isoflurane 1.4 91
Desflurane 0.4 19
Sevoflurane 0.6 53
Ether 12 65
Oxygen 0.02
Carbon dioxide 0.8
Nitrogen 0.015
Table 3 Solubility of gases in blood and oil
at 37 oC
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 12FYS 4250
Figure 8 Laryngoscope
and tube insertion.
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 13FYS 4250
Figure 9 One-way
small portable resuscitation
system
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 14FYS 4250
Figure 10
Rebreathing circle
with one-directional valves 1 and 2
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 15FYS 4250
Figure 11
Sidestream sampling
to a multigas analyzer
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 16FYS 4250
Figure 12
Mainstream sampling
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 17FYS 4250
Table 4 Three measuring
principles
Measuring principlemedium variables time
constcomments
1a Spectrophotometric gas CO2, H2O,
agent vapors
0.1s capnography included
1b Spectrophotometric puls oximetry
blood O2 1-10s also in-vitro cuvette-oximetry and in blood gas analyzers
2a Paramagnetic, contin. gas O2 10s sample gas unchanged
2b Paramagnetisk, pulsed
gas O2 0.2s sample gas changed
3a El.chem. fuel cell, membrane covered
gas or liquid
O2 30s limited lifetime, drifts and frequent calibration, single use
3b El.chem. polarographic membrane covered (Clark)
gas or liquid
O2 0.1-20s
membrane & el.lyte change and reuse, used in blood gas machine
3c El.chem. membrane covered (Severinghaus)
gas or liquid
CO2 30s used in blood gas machine
3d El.chem. pH and ion-selective electrodes
liquid pHNa, K etc
10s used in blood gas machine
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 18FYS 4250
Figure 13 IR absorption spectra for some anaesthetic agent vapours.
Datex Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corporation
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 19FYS 4250
Figure 14 Multigas spectrophotometric gas analyzer
with rotating filter wheel
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 20FYS 4250
Table 5 Magnetic molar susceptibility m of respiratory gases. SI unit: [m3/mol], but according to customary practice,
cgs units are used and given here as m/10-6cm3mol-1 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics).
gasm m relative
oxygen O2 +3449 +100
nitrogen N2 -12 -0.35
nitric oxide NO +1461 +42
nitrous oxide N2O -18.9 -0.55
nitrogen dioxide NO2 +150 +4.3
water vapour H2O -13.1 -0.38
carbon dioxide CO2 -21 -0,61
argon -19.3 -0.56
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 21FYS 4250
Figure 15Paramagnetic
oxygen analyzer. The construction is enclosed
in a tight box with inlet and outlet
for the gas to be examined, the reference gas
is enclosed in the two spheres.
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 22FYS 4250
Figure 16 Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer
using pulsed magnetic field. Gray lines are tubes.
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 23FYS 4250
Figure 17 Closed variable volume
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 24FYS 4250
Figure 18 Pressure sensors. Left: piezoelectric transducer with an optional dome to be
positioned so as to form a closed volume above the membrane. Right: optical transducer
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 25FYS 4250
Rotameter, gas flow sensor
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 26FYS 4250
Figure 19 Hot wire flow meter with two termistors,
cross section shown to the right
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 27FYS 4250
Figure 20 Vane flow sensor in a tube,
cross section shown to the right
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 28FYS 4250
Figure 21 Pitot flow sensor in a tube,
cross section shown to the right
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 29FYS 4250
Figure 22 Poiseuille gas flow sensor
(pneumotachometer)
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 30FYS 4250
Figure 23 Servocontrolled ventilator
shown in the inspiration cycle
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 31FYS 4250
FYS4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 31
Figure 24 Compression loss model
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 32FYS 4250
FYS4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 32
Figure 25Anaesthesia
machine
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 33FYS 4250
Figure 26 Spirometer, watersealed
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 34FYS 4250
Spirometer, electronic
4
8
r
LR
πη
=
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 35FYS 4250
Figure 27 Whole body
plethysmograph
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 36FYS 4250
Figure 28 Hyperbar chambers
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 37FYS 4250
Fig.29Venturi
suction system
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 38FYS 4250
Figure 30 Vacuum pressure
as a function of static suction flow
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 39FYS 4250
Equation Bernoulli
Ps + ½ v2 + gh = constant
Ps = static (v=0) pressure [Pa]. = density [kg/m3]. v = velocity [m/s]. g = acceleration due to gravity [m/s2]. h = height difference [m].
Validity range: Laminar flow, any geometry, valid at any point along a line of flow, gases or liquids, no frictional (viscous) losses.
Actually the Bernoulli equation is about the conservation of energy along a flow line, but it is usually given as here in terms not of energy, but pressure.
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 40FYS 4250
Figure 31 Equivalent electrical circuit for a dynamic suction system
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 41FYS 4250
Figure 32Cryo principle
according to a Joule-Thomson
capillary model.
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 42FYS 4250
Figure 33 Principle components of cryo equipment according to Joule-Thomson
Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 43FYS 4250
Figure 34 CO2 phase diagram
top related