fungi 2009
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Power
Point
Lessons for
LOWER SIX
BIOLOGYBIOLOGY
SMJK Perempuan China Pulau PinangSMJK Perempuan China Pulau Pinang
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FungiFungi
Eukaryotic heterotrophsEukaryotic heterotrophs
Secrete digestive enzymes onto foodSecrete digestive enzymes onto food
then absorb predigested foodthen absorb predigested food
Cell walls withCell walls with chitinchitin
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Fungi StructuresFungi Structures
Fungi includeFungi include
unicellularunicellularyeastyeast
filamentous, multicellularfilamentous, multicellularmoldmold
Most multicellular fungiMost multicellular fungi
have long, threadlike filamentshave long, threadlike filaments ((hyphaehyphae))
branch and form a tangled massbranch and form a tangled mass ((myceliummycelium))
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HyphaeHyphae
In most fungiIn most fungi
perforatedperforated septasepta (cross walls) divide hyphae(cross walls) divide hyphaeinto individual cellsinto individual cells
In some fungiIn some fungi
zygomycetes and glomeromyceteszygomycetes and glomeromycetes
hyphae arehyphae are
coenocyticcoenocytic
((form elongated,form elongated,
multinuclear cell)multinuclear cell)
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Fungus Body PlanFungus Body Plan
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ReproductionReproduction
Most fungi reproduce sexually andMost fungi reproduce sexually and
asexually byasexually by sporesspores
SporesSpores produced on aerial hyphaeproduced on aerial hyphae
land in suitable spot and germinateland in suitable spot and germinate
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Germination of a SporeGermination of a Spore
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Bud development
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
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PlasmogamyPlasmogamy
Fungi of two different mating typesFungi of two different mating types
meet, hyphae fusemeet, hyphae fuse cytoplasm fusescytoplasm fuses
nuclei remain separatenuclei remain separate
Fungi enterFungi enterdikaryoticdikaryotic ((nn ++ nn) stage) stage
each new cell has one nucleus of each typeeach new cell has one nucleus of each type
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KaryogamyKaryogamy
Fusion of nucleiFusion of nuclei takes place in hyphal tiptakes place in hyphal tip
results in diploid (2results in diploid (2nn)) zygote nucleuszygote nucleus
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Genetic DivisionsGenetic Divisions
MeiosisMeiosis produces 4 different haploid (produces 4 different haploid (nn) nuclei) nuclei
each nucleus becomes part of a sporeeach nucleus becomes part of a spore
MitosisMitosis
forms new mycelia when spores germinateforms new mycelia when spores germinate
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Asexual SporesAsexual Spores
Can be produced by mitosisCan be produced by mitosis genetically similargenetically similar
When these spores germinateWhen these spores germinate
they also develop into myceliathey also develop into mycelia
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Large numbers of
haploid (n) spores are
produced by mitosis.
Spore germinates
and forms mycelium
by mitosis.Asexual
reproduction
1Spores germinate
and form mycelia
by mitosis.Mycelia
Mycelia of two differentmating types fuse at their
tips, and plasmogamy
(fusion of cytoplasm)
occurs.
2
6Spores are
released. Spores
Sexual
reproduction
Haploid stage
(n)
Dikaryotic stage
(n + n)5
Meiosis results in
four genetically
different haploid ( n )nuclei. Spores
develop around
nuclei.
Diploid
stage (2n) 3
Zygote nucleus(2n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
mycelium develops.
Dikaryotic mycelium
4 Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
occurs, forming a diploid (2 n )zygote nucleus.
7 8
Meiosis Karyogamy
Plasmogamy
Fungal LifeFungal Life
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Flagellate CellsFlagellate Cells
Animals and fungi haveAnimals and fungi have flagellate cellsflagellate cells Example: chytrid gametes and sporesExample: chytrid gametes and spores
Flagellate cells propel themselvesFlagellate cells propel themselves
with single posterior flagellumwith single posterior flagellum
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Platelike CristaePlatelike Cristae
Like animal cells, fungal cells haveLike animal cells, fungal cells haveplatelike cristae in their mitochondriaplatelike cristae in their mitochondria
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OpisthokontsOpisthokonts
Fungi areFungi are opisthokontsopisthokonts along with animals and choanoflagellatesalong with animals and choanoflagellates
based on chemical and structuralbased on chemical and structural
characteristicscharacteristics
s s
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Ch
ytrid
s
Zygomyce
tes
Glo
mer omyce
tes
As
comyce
tes
Ba
sidio
myce
tes
Evolution of
ascospores
Evolution ofbasidiospores
Evolution of
dikaryotic stage
Loss of flagellum
Common
flagellate
ancestor
Fungal
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ZygomycetesZygomycetes 11
RhizopusRhizopus (black bread mold)(black bread mold) formsforms haploidhaploidthallusthallus
produces asexual spores and sexual sporesproduces asexual spores and sexual spores
Asexual spores germinateAsexual spores germinate
form new thalliform new thalli
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ZygomycetesZygomycetes 22
In sexual reproductionIn sexual reproduction hyphae of 2 different haploidhyphae of 2 different haploid
mating types formmating types form gametangiagametangia
PlasmogamyPlasmogamy occursoccurs
asas gametangiagametangia fusefuse
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Zygomycetes 3Zygomycetes 3
KaryogamyKaryogamy occursoccurs
diploid zygotediploid zygote formsforms from whichfrom which zygosporezygospore developsdevelops
MeiosisMeiosis
produces recombinant haploidproduces recombinant haploid zygosporeszygospores
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Zygomycetes 4Zygomycetes 4
WhenWhen zygosporeszygospores germinategerminate each hypha develops aeach hypha develops a sporangiumsporangium at its tipat its tip
Spores are releasedSpores are released
develop into new hyphaedevelop into new hyphae
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Zygomycete
Life Cycle
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MicrosporidiaMicrosporidia
MicrosporidiaMicrosporidia (now zygomycetes)(now zygomycetes) are opportunistic pathogensare opportunistic pathogens
penetrate and infect animal cells with long,penetrate and infect animal cells with long,
threadlikethreadlike polar tubespolar tubes
I f ti b
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Host cell
2. Spore ejects
its polar tube
and penetrates
host cell.
3. Infective
cytoplasm is
injected into
host cell.
Microsporidian cell
Polar tube
1. Spore of
microsporidium
has coiled
polar tube.
Infection by
Microsporidium
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AscomycetesAscomycetes 11
Produce asexual spores (Produce asexual spores (conidiaconidia))
Produce sexual spores (Produce sexual spores (ascosporesascospores) in asci) in asci
Asci line a fruiting body (Asci line a fruiting body (ascocarpascocarp))
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ConidiaConidia
AscocarpAscocarp
AsciAsci
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AscomycetesAscomycetes 22
Haploid mycelia of opposite matingHaploid mycelia of opposite mating
types produce septate hyphaetypes produce septate hyphae
Plasmogamy occurs, nuclei exchangedPlasmogamy occurs, nuclei exchanged
DikaryoticDikaryotic n +n +nn stage occursstage occurs
hyphae form, produce asci and ascocarphyphae form, produce asci and ascocarp
A 3
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Ascomycetes 3Ascomycetes 3
Karyogamy occursKaryogamy occurs
followed by meiosisfollowed by meiosis
Recombinant nuclei divide by mitosisRecombinant nuclei divide by mitosis
produce 8 haploid nuclei that develop intoproduce 8 haploid nuclei that develop into
ascosporesascospores
When ascospores germinateWhen ascospores germinate
can form new myceliacan form new mycelia
A t 4
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AscomycetesAscomycetes 44
Ascomycetes includeAscomycetes include
yeastsyeasts cup fungicup fungi
morelsmorels
trufflestruffles
pink, brown, and blue-green moldspink, brown, and blue-green molds
Some ascomycetes form mycorrhizaeSome ascomycetes form mycorrhizae
others form lichensothers form lichens
Conidia Germinating10
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In asexual reproduction,
hyphae produce haploid
conidia that can develop
into new mycelia.
Germinating
conidium
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
(by conidia)Conidiophore
Haploid
(n)
9When released,
ascosporesgerminate and
form new
haploid mycelia.
(+) mating
type
Haploid mycelia of
opposite mating typesboth produce coenocytic
sexual hyphae.
1
() matingtype
2
Plasmogamy occurs ashyphae of the two matingtypes fuse and nuclei are
exchanged.
8Each nucleus
becomes
incorporatedinto an
ascospore.
Nuclei migrate
Plasmogamy
SEXUALREPRODUCTION
Dikaryotichyphae formand produceasci.
3HAPLOID ( n )STAGE
Mature ascus has
eight haploid
ascospores
7
Mitosisproduces eighthaploid nuclei.
DIKARYOTICSTAGE(n + n)
Second meioticdivision
DIPLOID
(2n)
STAGE
Firstmeioticdivision
Nucleifuse
Developingascus
withn + nnuclei
Hyphaeform anascocarp.4
Zygote
Meiosis6Meiosis occurs, forming
four haploid nuclei.Karyogamy
Ascocarp
5
Karyogamy occurs in each ascus.
Two haploid nuclei fuse, forming adiploid zygote nucleus.
Mycelium
10
Ascomycete
Life Cycle
B idi tB idi t 11
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BasidiomycetesBasidiomycetes 11
Produce sexual spores (Produce sexual spores (basidiosporesbasidiospores))
on outside ofon outside ofbasidiumbasidium
Basidia developBasidia develop
on surface ofon surface ofgillsgills in mushroomsin mushrooms
a typea type ofofbasidiocarpbasidiocarp (fruiting body)(fruiting body)
Hyphae in this phylum have septaHyphae in this phylum have septa
B idi t F iti B diB idi t F iti B di
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Basidiomycete Fruiting BodiesBasidiomycete Fruiting Bodies
B idi tB idi t 22
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BasidiomycetesBasidiomycetes 22
Plasmogamy occursPlasmogamy occurs
fusion of 2 hyphae of different mating typesfusion of 2 hyphae of different mating types
Dikaryotic secondary mycelium formsDikaryotic secondary mycelium forms
Basidiocarp developsBasidiocarp develops
basidia formbasidia form
B idi tB idi t 33
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BasidiomycetesBasidiomycetes 33
Karyogamy occursKaryogamy occurs
producing diploid zygote nucleusproducing diploid zygote nucleus
Meiosis produces 4 haploid nucleiMeiosis produces 4 haploid nuclei
become basidiosporesbecome basidiospores
When basidiospores germinateWhen basidiospores germinate
form haploid primary myceliaform haploid primary mycelia
B idi ith B idiB idi ith B idi
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Basidium with BasidiosporesBasidium with Basidiospores
B idi tB idi t 44
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BasidiomycetesBasidiomycetes 44
Basidiomycetes includeBasidiomycetes include
mushroomsmushrooms puffballspuffballs
bracket fungibracket fungi
rustsrusts
smutssmuts
DD
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DecomposersDecomposers
Most fungi areMost fungi are decomposersdecomposers break down organic compoundsbreak down organic compounds
dead organisms, leaves, garbage, wastesdead organisms, leaves, garbage, wastes
into simpler nutrients that can be recycledinto simpler nutrients that can be recycled
M hi 1M hi 1
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Mycorrhizae 1Mycorrhizae 1
Mutualistic relationships between fungiMutualistic relationships between fungi
and roots of plantsand roots of plants
Fungus supplies water and nutrientFungus supplies water and nutrient
minerals to plantminerals to plant
Plant secretes organic compoundsPlant secretes organic compoundsneeded by fungusneeded by fungus
M hi 2M corrhi ae 2
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Mycorrhizae 2Mycorrhizae 2
Glomeromycetes form endomycorrhizalGlomeromycetes form endomycorrhizal
associations with rootsassociations with roots
Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes formAscomycetes and basidiomycetes form
ectomycorrhizaeectomycorrhizae with tree rootswith tree roots
do not penetrate root cellsdo not penetrate root cells
Li hLichen
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LichenLichen
Symbiotic combination of fungus andSymbiotic combination of fungus and
photoautotroph (alga / cyanobacterium)photoautotroph (alga / cyanobacterium)
Photoautotroph provides fungus withPhotoautotroph provides fungus with
organic compounds, shelter, water,organic compounds, shelter, water,
mineralsminerals
LichensLichens
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LichensLichens
Useful FungiUseful Fungi
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Useful FungiUseful Fungi
Fungi are usedFungi are used
as foods (mushrooms, morels, truffles)as foods (mushrooms, morels, truffles) in production of beer, wine, bread (yeasts)in production of beer, wine, bread (yeasts)
to produce cheeses and soy sauceto produce cheeses and soy sauce
to make citric acid and other industrialto make citric acid and other industrialchemicalschemicals
Edible AscomycetesEdible Ascomycetes
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Edible AscomycetesEdible Ascomycetes
ResearchResearch
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ResearchResearch
Fungi are model organisms forFungi are model organisms for
molecular biology and geneticsmolecular biology and genetics yeastyeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
other fungiother fungi
Biological control of insectsBiological control of insects such as mosquitoes that transmit malariasuch as mosquitoes that transmit malaria
Medications Fungi are used to make medications
penicillin, other antibiotics
PathogensPathogens
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PathogensPathogens
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens inFungi are opportunistic pathogens in
humanshumans ringwormringworm
athletes footathletes foot
candidiasiscandidiasis histoplasmosishistoplasmosis
ToxinsToxins
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ToxinsToxins
Some fungi produceSome fungi produce mycotoxinsmycotoxins
such assuch as aflatoxinsaflatoxins cause liver damage and cancercause liver damage and cancer
Fungal Plant DiseasesFungal Plant Diseases
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Fungal Plant DiseasesFungal Plant Diseases
Fungal hyphae infect plants throughFungal hyphae infect plants through
stomatastomata hyphal branches (hyphal branches (haustoriahaustoria)) penetrate plant cellspenetrate plant cells
obtain nourishment from cytoplasmobtain nourishment from cytoplasm
IncludeInclude
wheat rustwheat rust
Dutch elm diseaseDutch elm disease
chestnut blightchestnut blight
Fungal Infection of PlantsFungal Infection of Plants
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Fungal Infection of PlantsFungal Infection of Plants
Fungal Plant DiseasesFungal Plant Diseases
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Fungal Plant DiseasesFungal Plant Diseases
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KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
Fungi are of major ecological,Fungi are of major ecological,
economic, biological, and medicaleconomic, biological, and medical
importanceimportance
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