fundamentals of abnormal psychology ronald j. comer chapter 1 abnormal psychology: past and present...

FUNDAMENTALS OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

RONALD J. COMER

Chapter 1

Abnormal Psychology:

Past and Present

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What Do We Mean by Abnormality?

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The Elements of Abnormality

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The Elements of Abnormality

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The DSM-5 Definition

MENTALDISORDER

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Treatment

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What Is Treatment?

• Jerome Frank claims that all forms of therapy have three essential features:

1. A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer2. A trained healer3. A series of contacts through which the healer tries

to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes, and behavior

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

Ancient skull with holes from trephination8

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Greek and Roman Views and Treatments• 500 B.C.E.• Hippocrates believed and taught that illnesses

had natural causes– He looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or

humors

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

• mentally ill labeled witches connected to satan

• Lycanthropy – people were possessed by wolves

LO 14.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?500-1350 A.D. – Middle Ages

The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment

– Pinel (France) and Tuke (England) advocated moral treatment – care that emphasized moral guidance and humane techniques

• State hospitals created

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The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment• reversal of the moral treatment movement

due to:– Money and staff shortages– Declining recovery rates– Overcrowding– Emergence of prejudice

• long-term hospitalization

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

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The Early Twentieth Century:

– The Somatogenic Perspective

• Abnormal functioning has physical causes

– The Psychogenic Perspective

• Abnormal functioning has psychological causes

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

Emil Kraepelin(1856-1926)

Franz Mesmer (1734 - 1815) Sigmund Freud1856-1939

Current Trends

– 43% believe that people bring mental health disorders upon themselves

– 35% consider mental health disorders to be caused by sinful behavior

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• In the 1950s, researchers discovered psychotropic medications:– Antipsychotic drugs– Antidepressant drugs– Antianxiety drugs

• led to deinstitutionalization and a rise in outpatient care

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

• The growing influence of managed care program (HMOs) determines key care issues– reimbursements for mental disorders tend to

be lower than those for medical disorders

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Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated?

• 1 in 6 adults in the US receives treatment for psychological disorders in the course of a year, the majority for fewer than 5 sessions

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Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions?

• abnormal psychology has numerous theoretical perspectives, including:– Psychoanalytic– Biological– Behavioral– Cognitive– Humanistic-existential

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Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e

Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology

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Case Studies

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Self-Report Data

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Observational Approaches

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Correlation – how variables are related

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Strength or magnitude = 0 to 1.0Direction of relationship = + or -

Figure 1.2: Measuring Correlation

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Correlations and Causality

If two variables are correlated, there are multiple possible reasons for this.

How many reasons can you identify?

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Correlations and Causality

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Prevalence

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Incidence

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Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal

Psychology

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Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal

Psychology

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Alternative Experimental Designs

Quasi-experimental designs – no random assignment

Natural experiment

Analogue experiment

Single-Case Experimental Designs

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Figure 1.4: An ABAB Experimental Design: Kris’s Treatment

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