fundamental principles of pest control dr. richard m. houseman department of entomology university...
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Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of Pest ControlPest Control
Dr. Richard M. HousemanDr. Richard M. Houseman
Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Missouri-ColumbiaUniversity of Missouri-Columbia
ObjectivesObjectives
• Unit 1: pg. 1-39 “Applying Pesticides Correctly”– Pests– Identification and Damage
• Insects• Plant Diseases• Weeds• Vertebrates
– Pest Management– Pesticides
• Mode of Action
Core ManualCore Manual
• ‘Learning Objectives’– Clues to what is
important
• ‘Terms to Know’– Definitions of common
words
• ‘Test Your Knowledge’– Example test questions
Pest Management Pest Management (pg.5)(pg.5)
Objectives
1. Prevention = keep from becoming a problem
2. Suppression = reducing to an acceptable level
3. Eradication = destroying an entire pest population
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Mechanical• Exclusion/removal• Heat/cold
• Biological • Natural enemies,
microbials• Pheromones/hormones
• Cultural• Tilling, burning,
mowing, flooding• Crop rotation, trap
crops• Planting/harvest timing
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Sanitation• Eliminate breeding sites• Remove
pathogens/sources• Disinfect
equipment/tools
• Host Resistance• Using disease-resistant
varieties
• Genetics• Manipulate host
resistance• Sterility in pest
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Chemical• The use of natural or
synthetic substances that directly cause the death, repulsion, or attraction of pests.
Considerations• Mode of Action• Persistence• Non-target effects• Resistance
Mode of ActionMode of Action
• Mode of Action– The way a chemical kills a pest.
Examples:• Repellents, poisons, eradicants, systemics
PersistencePersistence
• Persistence– The length of time a chemical is active after being
applied.
Categories: • Non-Persistent
– Kills the pest, breaks down in a relatively short period of time
• Persistent– Residues remain active for period of time after application
Non-Target EffectsNon-Target Effects
• Non-Target Effects– Pesticide effects on non-pest organisms.
Potential risks:• May kill beneficial organisms• May create new pests
– Ex.-Killing natural enemies of a non-pest.
ResistanceResistance
• Resistance– Lessening of the effectiveness of a pesticide for
reducing the pest population
Principles: • Chemicals kill only susceptible pests• Survivors pass traits for survival to their offspring• Resistance develops over generations
ResistanceResistance
• To promote:– Use same pesticide
repeatedly – Use over large areas– Use highly residual
chemicals
• To limit:– Rotate pesticides– Target applications– Use persistent chemicals
wisely
Pests Pests (pg.3)(pg.3)
• A Pest is any unwanted organism
– Based on what organism does, not on what they are.• Compete for food or water• Cause injury, disease, or annoyance
Pests Pests (pg.3)(pg.3)
Types of Pests
1. Continuous = nearly always present
2. Sporadic = occasionally present; migratory/cyclical
3. Potential = not normally pests, require control only in certain situations
Pest Identification Pest Identification (pg.3)(pg.3)
• How to Identify?• Physical features • Damage or Symptoms
• Why Identify?• Pests differ in their habitats, behavior, life cycles, and
susceptibility to control methods.
Insect & Insect-like Pests Insect & Insect-like Pests (pg.6(pg.6))
• Physical Features• Segmented bodies• Jointed appendages• Exoskeleton made of
chitin• Bilateral symmetry
InsectsInsects
• Three body regions (pg.6)
• Head– 1 Pair of antennae– Various mouthparts
• Thorax– 3 pairs of legs– 2 pairs of wings
• Abdomen– Body systems
InsectsInsects
• Life Cycle (pg.7)– Metamorphosis
1. NoneOnly change is size
2. GradualEgg, nymph, adult
3. IncompleteEgg, nymph, adult (H2O)
4. CompleteEgg, larva, pupa, adult
Insect-like Groups Insect-like Groups (pg.8)(pg.8)
• Arachnids– Spiders, mites, ticks
• 2 regions, 8 legs
• Crustaceans– Pillbugs
• 3 regions, >8 legs
• Chilopods– Centipedes
• Many regions & legs
• Diplopods– Millipedes
• Many regions & legs
Insect-like GroupsInsect-like Groups
• Nematodes– Microscopic roundworms
• Mollusks– Slugs, snails
Look like insect larvae– Non-segmented– No metamorphosis
Insect Pests of PlantsInsect Pests of Plants (pg.10) (pg.10)
• Types of damage– Leaf eating– Plant-sucking– Internal feeding– Stem boring– Root feeding
Pests of AnimalsPests of Animals (pg.11) (pg.11)
• Types of damage– Stinging– Biting– Blood sucking– Toxin injecting
InsecticidesInsecticides (pg.15) (pg.15)
• Modes of Action1. Repellents
Keep insects away from an area or host
2. DisruptersInterfere mechanically with body function
3. PoisonsDeactivate biological systems in the body
– Stomach = must be eaten– Contact = must be touched
Plant PathogensPlant Pathogens (pg.16) (pg.16)
• Plant Disease– Any condition that causes a plant to function or
appear different from normal
Plant Diseases Plant Diseases (pg.16)(pg.16)
• Plant Responses to Disease Agents
1. Overdeveloped tissuesie. galls, leaf curls, swelling
2. Underdeveloped tissuesie. stunting, lack of chlorophyll
3. Death of Tissuesie. leaf spot, wilting, blight, cankers
FungiFungi (pg.16) (pg.16)
• Feed on other organisms• Most are beneficial
– Decomposers
• A few parasites– Feed on living plant
tissues
• Reproduce by spores• Microscopic, resistant
stage
FungiFungi
• Symptoms• Soft rot of fruit• Rusts, smuts• Curling, powdery
mildew of leaves • Spots on leaves
BacteriaBacteria (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Microscopic• Symptoms
• Blights, spots , rots
• Reproduce by cell division
VirusesViruses (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Sub-microscopic• Symptoms
• Abnormal growth, mosaics
• Reproduce inside host cell
• Vector transfer
MycoplasmasMycoplasmas (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Smallest living things• Plant-feeders
• Symptoms• Yellow, stunting
• Reproduce independently
• Insects, mites, grafting
Fungicides & BactericidesFungicides & Bactericides
• Modes of Action (pg.20)– Protectants
• Applied before or during initial infection
– Eradicants• Applied after infection
– Systemics• Internal transport to all
tissues of plant
WeedsWeeds (pg.21) (pg.21)
• A weed is any plant growing where it is not wanted.
Effects:– Compete for resources– Contaminate harvest– Harbor pests or release toxins– Look ‘bad’
WeedsWeeds
• Development (pg.21)– Seedling– Vegetative
Producing leaves, stems, roots
– ReproductiveProducing flowers, seeds
– Maturity
WeedsWeeds
• Life Cycles (pg.21)– Annuals = one year– Biennials = two years– Perennials = more that
two years
Weed Identification Weed Identification (pg.22)(pg.22)
• Grasses• Narrow, parallel veins,
round stems
• Sedges• Narrow, parallel veins,
triangular stems
• Broadleaves• Fan-like, branching
veins
Herbicides Herbicides (pg.25)(pg.25)
• Modes of Action– Contact
• kills parts of plant the chemical touches
– Translocated • absorbed and distributed throughout the plant
– Selective • kills only undesireable plants
– Non-selective • kills all plants in an area
or
or
Herbicides Herbicides (pg.26)(pg.26)
• Modes of Action (cont’)– Foliar
• Applied to leaves of the weed (foliage)
– Soil• Applied to the ground around the weed
Example:2,4-D is a foliar-translocated-nonpersistent-selective
or
VertebratesVertebrates (pg.29) (pg.29)
• Have backbones• Many potential pests
• Various situations and impacts.
• Eat crops, kill livestock, transmit disease, contamination, etc.
Poisons Poisons (pg.30)(pg.30)
• Few pesticides available– Rodenticides: most commonly-used– Piscicides– Avicides
• Usually highly toxic to humans
SummarySummary
• Identification of the pest and an understanding of its biology is important.
• The best pest management programs combine all of the available control tactics.
• When using chemicals, it is important to understand their mode of action, persistence, risk of resistance, and their effect on non-target organisms.
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