functional groups ib. objectives concepts: –functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol,...
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Functional Groups
Functional GroupsIB
ObjectivesObjectives• Concepts: • –Functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne,
alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, amine, amide, halogenoalkane
• –Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine,
• Skills: • –Draw and state names of the compounds
containing up to six carbon atoms with the following functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide, amine, ester and halogenoalkane.
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups• As has already been indicated, alkanes are
relatively unreactive.
• For an organic molecule to be reactive it needs something additional.
• A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is called a functional group.
• C=C double is a functional group.
• Other functional groups contain elements other than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.
Functional GroupFunctional Group
• A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.
alkanesalkanes
• Only carbon and hydrogen
• All single bonds• Their names end with -
ane
CC H
H
HH
H
H
Ethane
alkenesalkenes
• Only carbon and hydrogen
• A carbon to carbon double bond
• Their names end with -ene
C C
H H
HH
Ethene
alkynesalkynes
• Only carbon and hydrogen
• A carbon to carbon triple bond
• Their names end with -yne
C CH H
Ethyne
alcoholsalcohols
• Only one oxygen• Has an O-H group• Can be classified as
1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton
• They are named as alkanol
CC
H H
H
HH
HO
Ethanol
• Primary alcohol
CC
H H
H
HH
HO CC
H O
H
HH
HC
H
H
H
CC
H O
H
H3
H
HC
H
H
H
C
• Secondary alcohol
• Tertiary alcohol
aldehydesaldehydes
• Only one oxygen• Has a C=O group• C=O group is at the
end of the carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom
• They are named as alkanal
C C
H
H
O
HH
Ethanal
ketonesketones
• Only one oxygen• Has a C=O group• C=O group is not at
the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons
• They are named as alkanone
C C
H
H
O
H
H
C
H
H
Propanone
estersesters• Has 2 oxygens• One oxygen is part of
a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons.
• They are named as Alkylalkanoate
C C
H
H
O
OH
C H
H
H
Methylethanoate
carboxylic acidscarboxylic acids• Has 2 oxygens• Has O-H and C=O
groups on the same carbon atom
• This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain.
• They are named as alkanoic acid
C C
H
H
O
OH
H
Ethanoic acid
etherether
• Has 1 oxygen• No O-H or C=O
group• The oxygen is
sandwiched between two carbon atoms
• Their names end with -ether
C C
H
H O
H
C H
H
H
H
H
Ethylmethylether
AminesAmines
• Contain Nitrogen
• Has an –NH2 group
• Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to the number of carbon atoms connected to the N
• They are named as alkyl amine
Ethylamine
CC
H H
H
HH
HN
H
AmideAmide
• Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon atom
• They are named asalkanamide
C C
H
H
O
H
Ethanamide
HN
H
HaloalkanesHaloalkanes
• Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen
• They are named as haloalkanes
CC Cl
H
HH
H
H
Chloroethane
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
C C
H H
HH
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
C C
H
H
O
HH
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
CC
H O
H
HH
HC
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
H C O C H
H
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
C C
H
H
O
OH
C H
H
H
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
C C
H
H
O
H
H
C
H
H
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
C C
H
C
O
OH
H
H
H
H
What family does it belong to? What family does it belong to?
CC
H
H
H
HO
CH H
H
C
H H
H
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