from gene to protein transcription translation chapter 8 – section 8.2 pages 194 – 202
Post on 26-Dec-2015
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
From Gene To Protein
Transcription
Translation
Chapter 8 – Section 8.2
Pages 194 – 202
DNA to mRNA (messanger)
DNA A – T and G – C DNA zips open Transcription factor
“reads” DNA and “writes” mRNA
DNA zips closed RNA A – U and G – C
Single strand “Edited” mRNA enters
cytoplasm
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg
mRNA to rRNA (ribosome)
mRNA leaves nucleus of cell
rRNA large 2 unit macromolecule “builds” proteins from amino acids
Amino acids brought to rRNA by tRNA (transfer)
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg
mRNA to amino acid
3 nucleotides (codon) = 1 amino acid
A little math: 4 nucleotides (AUGC) Combination of 3 for
amino acid How many
combinations of 3 are there?
64 combinations
http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg
Genetic Code
20 amino acids 3 “stop” codons 64 combinations of
mRNA Redundancy Codon 3 “wobble” Can mutate with no
change in amino acid
http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/codontable2.jpg
Amino Acid
Amino Acids can have a charge (positive or negative), hydrophobic or hydrophylic
These interact with other amino acids in the protein strand and the cell (functional groups
http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/aminoAcidStruc.jpg
Amino Acids to Proteins
Amino Acids are strung together
Form a sheet or helix Fold with other amino
acids on the same strand
Can be one protein in a complex of several proteins – part of a final product
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/prot_struct-4143.JPG
Example – Hemoglobin
Comprised of 4 protein subunits, 2 alpha () and 2 beta (), which form the complex hemoglobin
Each subunit associated with a non-protein heme group
http://chemistry.ewu.edu/jcorkill/biochem/HemoglobinMOM.jpg
Regulation – cell signaling
Cell receives signal to produce a specific gene Example – hormones
produces in one part of the body and signal another part to function
http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech6-1.jpg
Regulation
Our cell uses glactose first
If our cell has lactose and no glucose, genes expressed to break lactose down
When lactose becomes limited or glucose available, gene deactivated
http://xanta.com.ne.kr/2008/2008-1/08-1-biochem/08-1-biochem-3-2.gif
Introduction to Physiology
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Tissues
4 major types of tissues: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/stomTS.gif
Epithelial
Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover Outer surfaces – i.e.
skin Lining hollow organs –
i.e. blood vessels Cover organs - i.e.
kidneys
http://media.wiley.com/Lux/70/21770.nfg001.jpg
Connective
Cell plus matrix Bone Fat Blood Cartilage Fibrous – ligaments
and tendons Loose – links different
tissues together
http://media.wiley.com/Lux/73/21773.nfg004.jpg
Muscle
Striated or Skeletal Attached to tendons
which attach to bone Voluntary movement
Smooth Peristolic slow
undulating contractions Involuntary movement
Cardiac Heart
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/146.gif
Nerve
Single cell type Can be extremely
long (from toe to spine)
Cells divide until a certain point in fetal development, then never divide again
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_Ed/grade10/mammal/images/neuron.gif
Organs
Composed of at least two types of tissues which work together for a specific function Heart contains all 4
tissue types to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/FD5DD30B-F412-46BF-B407-5421CBD0C8DB/0/271f2.gif
Organ Systems
Digestive Excretory Cardiovascular Muscle/Skeletal Integument Endocrine Nervous Lymphatic Reproductive
http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/Image567.gif
Homeostasis
Negative feedback Body temperature Blood pH Blood glucose levels Most other functions
Positive feedback Menstruation LAC operon Lactation
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpghttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg
Cardio-pulmonary System
Due to time limitation of this class, we will use cardiovascular and pulmonary systems as an example of organ system
As a teacher, you can use each organ system to exemplify: Organisms
Describe the function of organ systems
Classify organs by the system to which they belong
http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human055.jpg
Cardiovascular System
Lungs Gas exchange
O2 in CO2 out
Heart and vessels Pumps blood to lungs
for oxygen Pumps blood to body
to deliver O2 and pick up CO2
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg
Lungs - Mammals
Tidal Volume Oxygen inhaled Carbon Dioxide
exhaled Air into trachea,
bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (smaller and smaller tubes
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/thog5n0/public_html/lungs.jpeg
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs Highly vascularized
with capillaries Surface area for gas
exchange AlveoliO2 uptake
CO2 output
http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/3D_Models/Human_Anatomy/Alveoli/supporting_images/3D_Model_Anat_Alveoli3_web.jpg
Heart
Deoxygenated Blood Enters via anterior and
posterior vena cava to right atrium
Enters right ventricle through the atrioventricular valve which stops blood returning to right atrium
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
Right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
Blood blows off carbon dioxide and uptakes oxygen in capillaries of alveoli of lungs
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
From the lungs through the pulmonary veins, blood enters the left atrium
Blood enters the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Heart
Blood is pumped through the aorta to the brain, arms and lower body by the left ventricle
Coordination of the cardiac contractions by heart’s pacemaker – sinoatrial node
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
Circulatory System
From the heart, blood enters arteries to arterioles to capillaries
Single blood cells pass through capillaries releasing oxygen and uptake carbon dioxide
Blood is returned via venioles to veins
http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg
Circulatory System
High pressure: Aorta to Arteries Arteries to Arterioles Arterioles to
Capillaries Capillaries – no
pressure
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif
Capillaries
Network of tiny vessels – leaky
Like a river delta, all pressure from river behind it drops and water oozes to ocean
Once blood cell at a time
Circulation
http://www.shockwavetherapy.ca/capillaries.jpg
Circulatory System
Starts with no pressure to return blood Capillaries to venuoles Venuoles to Veins Veins to Anterior and
Posterior Vena Cava How does that work?
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif
Veins
Veins have valves to stop blood flowing backwards
Muscle action accounts for most of the return of blood to heart
Volume decreased because some plasma enters lymph system and is returned to heart to mix with returning blood
http://www.originmedical.co.uk/client_files/leg_illustrations/NormalVeins-All.jpg
Invertebrate Cardiovascular
Insects have an open circulatory system, and oxygen bathes most cells in the body
Oxygen enters through spiracles and travels down trachea
Movement pushes air in and out
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/lb7fig8.gifhttp://severinghaus.org/gallery/d/3752-1/DSCF6599_wheel_bug_spiracles_sm.jpg
Invertebrate Cardiovascular
Scorpions and spiders have book lungs
Similar to gills with gas exchange
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/11627_web.jpghttp://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_02_img0189.jpg
Gills
Order of magnitude less oxygen in water than air (21% in air)
Aquatic organisms need to extract dissolved O2
Counter current system
http://www.trincoll.edu/~alehman/_images/Bio210_Spring05/ali_murineliver2200x_wd11_ap4_A.jpghttp://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1115/1141942/fig31-1.jpg
Fish Heart
Fish have a two chamber heart
Blood flows into atrium
Blood pumped out of ventricle
Travels to lungs and then to body
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/VertebrateVascular/VertebrateVascular.htm
Amphibian Cardiovascular
Amphibians have a three chambered heart
Into right atrium to ventricle
Ventricle to lungs Lungs to left atrium Left atrium to
ventricle Ventricle to body
Reptiles
Lizards, snakes and turtles have 3-chambered hearts
Crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart
Evidence dinosaurs had 4-chambered hearts
Questions?
top related