foundations of a curriculum
Post on 16-Apr-2017
742 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
FOUNDATIONS OF
CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
FOUNDATIONS OF
CURRICULUM
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
SOCIAL FOUNDATION
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
PHILOSOPHYCAL FOUNDATIONS
PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION
PERENNIALISM Aim: To educate the rational person; cultivate intellectRole: Teachers assist students to think with reason (critical thinking HOSTS)Focus: Classical subjects, literary analysis. Curriculum is enduringTrends: Use of great books (Bible, Koran, Classics) and Liberal Arts
ESSENTIALISMAim: To promote intellectual growth of learners to become competentRole: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject areaFocus: Essential skills of 3R’s; essential subjectsTrends: Back to basics, Excellence in education, cultural literacy
PROGRESSIVISMAim: Promote democratic social livingRole: Teacher leads for growth and development of lifelong learnersFocus: Interdisciplinary subjects. Learner-centered. Outcomes-based.Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized curriculum, Humanistic education
RECONSTRUCTIONISMAim: To improve and reconstruct society. Education for changeRole: Teacher acts as agent of change and reformsFocus: Present and future educational landscapeTrends: School and curricular reform, Global education, Collaboration and Convergence, Standards and Competencies
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
• He started the curriculum development movement.
• Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students’ needs.
• Curriculum prepares learners for adult life.
• Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified.
FRANKLIN BOBBIT(1876-1956)
• Like Bobbit, he posited that curriculum is science and emphasizes students’ needs.
• Objectives and activities should match. Subject matter or content relates to objectives.
WERRET CHARTERS(1875-1952)
• Curricula are purposeful activities which are child-centered.
• The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth. He introduced this project method where teacher and student plan the activities.
• Curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction.
WILLIAM KILPARTICK(1875-1952)
• Curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child-centered.
• With the statement of objectives and related learning activities, curriculum should produce outcomes.
• Emphasized social studies and suggested that the teacher plans curriculum in advance.
HAROLD RUGG(1886-1960)
• Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes organized knowledge and learner’s interest.
• Curriculum, instruction and learning are interrelated.
• Curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject matter is developed around social functions and learners’ interests.
HOLLIS CASWELL(1901-1989)
• Curriculum is a science and an extension of schools’ philosophy. It is based on students’ needs and interests.
• Curriculum is always related to instruction. subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge, skills, and values.
• The process emphasizes problem solving. Curriculum aims to educate generalists and not specialists.
RALPH TYLER(1902-1994)
• She contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum.
• She helped lay the foundation for diverse student population.
HILDA TABA(1902-1967)
• He described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor.
• Teacchers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of planners.
• Significant improvement is achieved through group activity. PETER OLIVA
(1992-2012)
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
IVAN PAVLOV(1849-1936)
• He is the father of classical conditioning theory, the S-R theory.
• The key to learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them to become.
• S-R theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.
EDWARD THORNDIKE(1874-1949)
• He championed the connectionism theory.• He proposed the three
laws of learning: - Law of Readiness- Law of Exercise - Law of Effect• Specific stimulus has
specific response.
• He proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory. Learning follows a hierarchy.
• Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions.
• He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.
ROBERT GAGNE(1916-2002)
• Theories of Jean Piaget- Cognitive development has
stages from birth to maturity:
Sensory motor stage(0- 2), preoperational stage (2-7), concrete operation stage (7-11)and formal operations (11-onwards)• Keys to learning- Assimilation- Accommodation- Equilibration
JEAN PIAGET(1896-1980)
• Theories of Lev Vygotsky- Cultural transmission and
development- Learning precedes
development- Sociocultural development
theory• Keys to Learning- Pedagogy creates learning
processes that lead to development
- The child is an active agent in his or her educational process
LEV VYGOTSKY(1896-1934)
• Gardner’s multiple intelligences
- Humans have several different ways of processing information and this ways are relatively independent of one another
- There are eight intelligences:Linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily or kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. HOWARD
GARDNER
• Emotion contains the power to affect action.
-he called this emotional qoutient.
DANIEL GOLEMAN
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
• Gestalt Theory- Learning is explained in terms of
“wholeness” of the problem- Human beings do not respond to
isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli.
• Keys to Learning- Learning is complex and abstract- Learners analyze the problem,
discriminate between essential and nonessential data, and perceive relationships.
- Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What or how they perceive is related to their previous experiences.
GESTALT
• He advanced the self-actualization theory and classic theory of human needs.
• A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the world.
• He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.
• Keys to Learning- Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow and actualize his or her human self.
ABRAHAM MASLOW
(1908-1970)
• Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning
- he established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.
- Children’s perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influenced their learning and behavior in class.
• Key to Learning- Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs, not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive scores.
CARL ROGERS(1902-1987)
SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS
• Society as a source of change
• Schools as agents of change
• Knowledge as an agent of change
SCHOOLS AND SOCIETY
• Considered two fundamental elements-schools and civil society-to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality.
JOHN DEWEY(1859-1952)
• Wrote the book Future Shock• Believed that knowledge
should prepare students for the future.
• Suggested that in the future, parents must have the resources to teach prescribe curriculum from home as a result of technology, not in spite of it.(Home Schooling)
• Foresaw schools and students work creatively, collaboratively, and independent of their age.
ALVIN TOFFLER
THANK YOU!!!
top related