form 3 chapter 9 stars and galaxies
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CHAPTER 9 :STARS AND GALAXIES
Prepared by :Pn. Noor Hazwani bt.AliasSMK Sg.Maong,Kuching
The Sun
The Sun
- Shape like a ball.
- Made up of hot gases : hydrogen and helium
- Surface temperature : 5 500 - 6 000 oC
- The Sun is one of the many billions of stars.
- Nearest star to Earth. That is why it appears bigger and brighter than other stars.
Has Has three layersthree layers
Structure of the Sun
Corona Chromosphere
Photosphere
can only be seen clearly during solar eclipse.
can be seen clearly everyday
Solar eclipseSolar eclipse
Corona and Chromosphere can only be seen during solar eclipse.
Corona Chromosphere
Phenomena on The Surface of The SunPhenomena on The Surface of The Sun
Prominence-arches or loops shape.-eruption of chromosphere(2nd layer)
Solar flare- explosion near sunspots- release charged particles into outer space. (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)
Sunspot- cool spot - eruption of photosphere(1st layer)
AuroraAurora Dazzling,colourful light.Dazzling,colourful light. Occur at Occur at north pole north pole and and south pole south pole of Earth.of Earth. Charged particles interact with Earth’s magnetic Charged particles interact with Earth’s magnetic
field.field.
Solar flare-release charged particles (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)
How the Sun produces energy?How the Sun produces energy?
Nuclear reaction (in the core)Nuclear reaction (in the core) 4 hydrogen atoms 4 hydrogen atoms 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy
+Light and
heat energy
Various types of StarVarious types of Star
SizeSize
Temperature and colourTemperature and colour
Various types of StarVarious types of Star
BlueHottest star
YellowMedium temperature
RedCoolest star
Colour Temperature Example:
Blue 40 000 0C Spica
Bluish- white
10 000 0C Rigel
Yellow 6 000 0C The Sun
Red 3 000 0C Betelgeuse
Medium temperature
Brightness.Brightness.
Various types of StarVarious types of Star
Rigel
Sirius
Sirius
Rigel
Procyon
Achernar
5 brightest star
Formation of StarsFormation of Stars
Gases(hydrogen)
Dusts
Anebula
A core is formed.-very hot and dense
-The core becomes hotter.- Nuclear reactions take place.
A STAR IS FORMED !!
1.
*Nuclear reaction (in the core)*Nuclear reaction (in the core) 4 hydrogen atoms 4 hydrogen atoms 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy
3.
2.
Gases and dusts in a nebula are pulled by strong gravity forces until it become compact (dense).
Death of StarDeath of Star*depends on the size of the star*depends on the size of the star
Nebula
Death of StarDeath of Star*medium size star, such as The Sun*medium size star, such as The Sun
2. *gravity pull weakens. *the star expands and forms red giant.
1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops.
3. *Substance at the outer part of the star escape to outer space.
4. *A white core or a white dwarf is formed.
Medium size star
Black Dwarf
Death of StarDeath of Star*large star and super large star*large star and super large star
star
* DEATH OF LARGE STAR (10 x Sun’s mass)
* DEATH OF SUPER LARGE STAR (100 x Sun’s mass)
1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops.
2. * Gravity pull weakens. * The star expands and forms red giant. * The red giant continue to expand to form red supergiant.
3. *Red supergiant explodes. *The explosion is known as supernova.
Nebula
Neutron star Neutron star : :
*consists of neutrons.*consists of neutrons.
*rotates and gives out radio*rotates and gives out radio
waves.waves.
Black HoleBlack Hole: :
*cannot be seen.*cannot be seen.
*dense.*dense.
*has very strong gravity force.*has very strong gravity force.
ConstellationConstellation A group of stars A group of stars arranged in arranged in specific pattern.specific pattern.
In the past, constellation were used as : In the past, constellation were used as :
a) a) compass compass (to show direction).(to show direction).
b) b) calendercalender
A constellation
ConstellationConstellation
North
Big dipper
Examples :
South
North
Southern cross
Universe and GalaxiesUniverse and Galaxies
Universe
Galaxies
Solar System
Earth
Human being
Milky Way(our galaxy)
*Notes
The Universe :-a very huge space-holds everything from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy.-there are billions of galaxies in the Universe.
Galaxy :-Each galaxy has billions of stars.
Hubble Space TelescopeHubble Space Telescope-is used to observe galaxies-is used to observe galaxies
GalaxiesGalaxies
Spiral galaxy Irregular galaxy(no obvious shape)
Elliptical galaxy(oval shape)
- A galaxy contains billions of stars.- Has many shapes.
Our Galaxy : The Milky WayOur Galaxy : The Milky Way
Spiral shape
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