footprints - education · 2010-12-07 · longfellow: lives of great men all remind us we can make...

CELEBRATING EVENTS AND HEROES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM

AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA

FOOTPRINTSIN THE SANDS OF TIME

Pres

ident

Thab

o Mbe

ki

32

FOO

TP

RIN

TS

IN T

HE

SA

ND

S O

F T

IME

ISB

N 9

78-1

-770

18-2

05-9

© D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion

2007

All

righ

ts re

serv

ed. Y

ou m

ay c

opy

mat

eria

l fr

om th

is p

ublic

atio

n fo

r use

in n

on-p

rofit

ed

ucat

ion

prog

ram

mes

if y

ou a

ckno

wle

dge

the

sour

ce. F

or u

se in

pub

licat

ion,

ple

ase

obta

in th

e w

ritt

en p

erm

issi

on o

f the

D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion.

Enqu

irie

sD

irec

tora

te: R

ace

and

Val

ues,

D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion,

Roo

m 2

23,

123

Scho

eman

Str

eet,

Pret

oria

Tel:

(012

) 312

-508

0Fa

x: (0

12) 3

26-1

909

Emai

l: va

lues

@do

e.go

v.za

CE

LEB

RA

TIN

G E

VE

NT

S A

ND

HE

RO

ES

O

F T

HE

ST

RU

GG

LE F

OR

FR

EE

DO

M

AN

D D

EM

OC

RA

CY

IN

SO

UT

H A

FRIC

A

LAB

OU

R O

F LO

VE

Unv

eilin

g th

e N

kosi

Alb

ert L

uthu

li Le

gacy

Pro

ject

in

Aug

ust 2

004,

Pre

side

nt T

habo

Mbe

ki re

min

ded

us

that

:

“...

as p

art o

f the

effo

rts

to li

bera

te o

urse

lves

from

ap

arth

eid

and

colo

nial

ism

, bot

h ph

ysic

ally

and

m

enta

lly, w

e ha

ve to

eng

age

in th

e pr

oces

s of

telli

ng th

e tr

uth

abou

t the

his

tory

of o

ur c

ount

ry, s

o th

at a

ll of

our

pe

ople

, arm

ed w

ith th

is tr

uth,

can

con

fiden

tly fa

ce th

e ch

alle

nges

of t

his

day

and

the

next

.

“Thi

s la

bour

of l

ove,

of t

ellin

g th

e tr

ue s

tory

of

Sout

h A

fric

a an

d A

fric

a, h

as to

be

inte

nsifi

ed o

n al

l fro

nts,

so

that

as

Afr

ican

s w

e ar

e ab

le to

wri

te,

pres

ent a

nd in

terp

ret o

ur h

isto

ry, o

ur c

ondi

tions

and

lif

e ci

rcum

stan

ces,

acc

ordi

ng to

our

kno

wle

dge

and

expe

rien

ce.

“It i

s a

chal

leng

e th

at c

onfr

onts

all

Afr

ican

s ev

eryw

here

- o

n ou

r co

ntin

ent a

nd in

the

Dia

spor

a - t

o de

fine

ours

elve

s,

not i

n th

e im

age

of o

ther

s, o

r ac

cord

ing

to th

e di

ctat

es a

nd

fanc

ies

of p

eopl

e ot

her

than

our

selv

es ..

.”

Pres

iden

t Mbe

ki g

oes

on to

quo

te fr

om a

favo

urite

po

em o

f Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli;

A P

salm

of L

ife, b

y H

enry

Lo

ngfe

llow

:

Live

s of

gre

at m

en a

ll re

min

d us

We

can

mak

e ou

r li

ves

subl

ime,

And

, dep

arti

ng, l

eave

beh

ind

usFo

otpr

ints

on

the

sand

s of

tim

e;

Foot

prin

ts, t

hat

perh

aps

anot

her,

Sail

ing

o’er

life

’s s

olem

n m

ain,

A fo

rlor

n an

d sh

ipw

reck

ed b

roth

er,

Seei

ng, s

hall

tak

e he

art

agai

n.

“I a

m c

onfid

ent t

hat t

hrou

gh o

ur c

ombi

ned

effo

rts,

toge

ther

w

e ca

n m

ake

the

lives

of o

ur p

eopl

e su

blim

e an

d m

agni

ficen

t, up

liftin

g pa

rtic

ular

ly th

ose

who

occ

upy

the

low

est r

ung

in

our

soci

al o

rder

. In

doin

g so

, and

as

the

poet

sai

d, w

e w

ill

emul

ate

A.J.

Lut

huli

in le

avin

g be

hind

us

‘foot

prin

ts o

n th

e sa

nds

of ti

me’

.”

sub·

lim

e ad

j1.

so

awe-

insp

irin

gly

beau

tiful

as

to s

eem

al

mos

t hea

venl

y2.

of t

he h

ighe

st m

oral

or

spir

itual

val

ue3.

exc

elle

nt o

r par

ticul

arly

im

pres

sive

(inf

orm

al)

4. c

ompl

ete

or u

tter

So,

what

‘footp

rints

in t

he

sands

of

tim

e’

will

you l

eave

beh

ind?

Courtesy Government Communication and Information System (GCIS)

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

Thi

s bo

ok w

as w

ritt

en in

200

7, a

yea

r tha

t ce

lebr

ated

and

com

mem

orat

ed m

any

anni

vers

arie

s. F

ifty

year

s ag

o, u

nder

the

lead

ersh

ip

of D

r K

wam

e N

krum

ah, G

hana

bec

ame

the

first

sub

-Sah

aran

Afr

ican

cou

ntry

to re

clai

m h

er

inde

pend

ence

from

col

onia

l rul

ers.

Sin

ce th

en, a

ll ot

her A

fric

an c

ount

ries

hav

e fo

ught

to ta

ke b

ack

thei

r fr

eedo

m.

For

man

y de

cade

s, A

fric

a w

as th

e vi

ctim

of

colo

nial

ism

. The

infa

mou

s Be

rlin

Con

fere

nce

of

1884

had

div

ided

Afr

ica

betw

een

Euro

pean

pow

ers.

W

hat m

ade

this

occ

upat

ion

poss

ible

was

that

Afr

ica

had

been

bro

ught

to it

s kn

ees

by a

lmos

t 400

yea

rs o

f sl

aver

y. A

fric

a’s

mal

e po

pula

tion

had

been

redu

ced

by

20%

, and

its

mor

ale

had

been

des

troy

ed. Y

ou c

an

read

abo

ut th

e 20

0th

anni

vers

ary

of th

e ab

oliti

on

of th

e Br

itish

sla

ve tr

ade

in c

hapt

er o

ne: T

WO

A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

BE

FOR

E A

ND

TH

E

ON

E A

FTE

R T

HE

HO

LOC

AU

ST

.

Not

all

anni

vers

arie

s ar

e ce

lebr

atio

ns. S

ome

are

bett

er th

ough

t of a

s co

mm

emor

atio

ns. N

inet

y ye

ars

ago,

abo

ut 3

00 b

lack

Sou

th A

fric

ans

died

with

the

sink

ing

of th

e SS

Men

di d

urin

g th

e Fi

rst W

orld

War

. Th

eir

mov

ing

stor

y is

told

in c

hapt

er tw

o: W

E D

IE

LIK

E B

RO

TH

ER

S ..

. WE

AR

E T

HE

SO

NS

OF

AFR

ICA

.

We

then

turn

our

att

entio

n to

the

liber

atio

n st

rugg

le

of th

e m

id 2

0th

cent

ury,

in w

hich

man

y br

ave

Sout

h A

fric

ans,

insp

ired

by

Mah

atm

a G

andh

i’s p

hilo

soph

y of

pas

sive

resi

stan

ce, m

arch

ed to

geth

er in

pea

cefu

l de

mon

stra

tions

aga

inst

raci

al d

iscr

imin

atio

n. T

here

is

a lo

ng h

isto

ry o

f coo

pera

tion

betw

een

Indi

an a

nd

blac

k So

uth

Afr

ican

s. It

beg

an 9

0 ye

ars

ago

with

the

Thre

e D

octo

rs’ P

act,

whi

ch y

ou c

an re

ad a

bout

in

chap

ter

thre

e: W

E S

HA

LL R

ES

IST

.

Whi

le th

e hi

stor

y of

libe

ratio

n in

Sou

th A

fric

a re

lied

on

the

mob

ilisa

tion

of th

ousa

nds,

it al

so re

lied

on th

e le

ader

ship

of a

few

. The

yea

r 200

7 m

arks

the

50th

an

nive

rsar

y of

the

deat

h of

Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli.

C

hapt

er fo

ur u

ses t

he ti

tle o

f Lut

huli’

s fam

ous b

ook,

LE

T M

Y P

EOPL

E G

O.

The

year

200

7 is

als

o th

e 90

th a

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

bi

rth

of O

liver

Reg

inal

d Ta

mbo

. In

chap

ter fi

ve:

CH

AM

PIO

N O

F FR

EE

DO

M, w

e ce

lebr

ate

the

way

he

led

the

AN

C in

exi

le, a

nd in

spir

ed

the

inte

rnat

iona

l ant

i-apa

rthe

id m

ovem

ent f

or 3

0 lo

ng a

nd d

ifficu

lt ye

ars.

One

her

o w

e al

l nee

d to

be

rem

inde

d of

is R

ober

t M

anga

liso

Sobu

kwe.

The

title

of c

hapt

er s

ix: O

F T

HE

AFR

ICA

N, B

Y T

HE

AFR

ICA

NS

, FO

R

AFR

ICA

NS

, des

crib

es th

e ki

nd o

f Afr

ican

ist -

in

spir

ed g

over

nmen

t he

wan

ted

to s

ee. T

he y

ear

2008

is th

e 29

th a

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

dea

th o

f thi

s gr

eat t

hink

er, a

nd th

e fir

st le

ader

of t

he P

an A

fric

anis

t C

ongr

ess.

Our

cel

ebra

tions

wou

ld n

ot b

e co

mpl

ete

with

out

rem

embe

ring

the

cour

ageo

us y

oung

lead

er, S

teve

Bi

ko, w

ho w

as m

urde

red

by p

olic

e 30

yea

rs a

go.

His

phi

loso

phy

of B

lack

Con

scio

usne

ss, w

hich

ca

lled

blac

k pe

ople

to li

bera

te th

emse

lves

from

sel

f-op

pres

sion

, has

insp

ired

peo

ple

all o

ver t

he w

orld

. Ex

plor

e th

ese

idea

s in

cha

pter

sev

en: B

LAC

K

MA

N, Y

OU

AR

E O

N Y

OU

R O

WN

.

Insp

ired

by

thei

r lea

ders

, Sou

th A

fric

ans

from

all

cultu

ral a

nd e

cono

mic

bac

kgro

unds

hav

e m

arch

ed

in p

rote

st a

gain

st a

part

heid

. One

of t

he m

ost

cour

ageo

us m

arch

es o

f all

time

happ

ened

50

year

s ag

o. It

was

the

thre

e-m

onth

Ale

xand

ra B

us B

oyco

tt,

in w

hich

mar

cher

s cr

ied,

AS

IKW

ELW

A! W

E

WIL

L N

OT

RID

E!

Peac

eful

pro

test

s ve

ry q

uick

ly in

vite

d vi

olen

ce

from

the

apar

thei

d go

vern

men

t, an

d m

any

Sout

h A

fric

ans

embr

aced

an

arm

ed s

trug

gle

in re

spon

se.

The

viol

ence

cou

ld h

ave

gone

on

for m

any

year

s,

but 2

0 ye

ars

ago,

som

e fa

r-th

inki

ng b

lack

and

whi

te

Sout

h A

fric

ans

agre

ed to

talk

to e

ach

othe

r abo

ut

nego

tiatio

ns fo

r a p

eace

ful c

hang

e. A

gro

up o

f w

hite

Afr

ikan

ers

and

the

lead

ers

of th

e A

NC

, met

in

Dak

ar, S

eneg

al, a

nd b

egan

a n

ew D

AW

N O

F N

EG

OT

IAT

ION

.

This

new

daw

n in

spir

es u

s to

look

to th

e fu

ture

, as

we

did

five

year

s ag

o w

hen

we

host

ed th

e W

orld

Su

mm

it on

Sus

tain

able

Dev

elop

men

t, an

d be

gan

to e

xplo

re h

ow w

e ar

e al

l CR

EAT

ING

OU

R

FUT

UR

E T

OD

AY.

We

hope

thes

e co

mm

emor

atio

ns in

spir

e yo

u to

ch

eris

h yo

ur fr

eedo

m. W

e in

vite

you

to le

arn

abou

t th

e hi

stor

y of

you

r fre

edom

in th

e LE

AR

NIN

G

AC

TIV

ITIE

S fo

r eac

h ch

apte

r fou

nd o

n pa

ge 8

5 of

th

is b

ook.

54

CO

NT

EN

TS

TW

O A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

BE

FOR

E A

ND

TH

E O

NE

AFT

ER

TH

E H

OLO

CA

US

T...

....7

200t

h A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Abo

litio

n of

the

Tran

satla

ntic

Sla

ve T

rade

WE

DIE

LIK

E B

RO

TH

ER

S ..

. WE

AR

E T

HE

SO

NS

OF

AFR

ICA

......

......

......

......

......

.15

90th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he S

inki

ng o

f the

SS

Men

di

WE

SH

ALL

RE

SIS

T .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

2190

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Thr

ee D

octo

rs’ P

act

LET

MY

PE

OP

LE G

O .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....2

950

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Dea

th o

f Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli

CH

AM

PIO

N O

F FR

EE

DO

M .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.37

90th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he B

irth

of O

liver

Reg

inal

d Ta

mbo

OF

TH

E A

FRIC

AN

, BY

TH

E A

FRIC

AN

S, F

OR

AFR

ICA

NS

.....

......

......

......

......

......

...47

29th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he D

eath

of R

ober

t Man

galis

o So

bukw

e

BLA

CK

MA

N, Y

OU

AR

E O

N Y

OU

R O

WN

....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

5530

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Dea

th o

f Ste

ve B

antu

Bik

o

AS

IKW

ELW

A! W

E W

ILL

NO

T R

IDE

! ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..63

50th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he A

lexa

ndra

Bus

Boy

cott

DA

WN

OF

NE

GO

TIA

TIO

N .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..69

20th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he D

akar

Dec

lara

tion

CR

EAT

ING

OU

R F

UT

UR

E T

OD

AY .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.77

5th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he W

orld

Sum

mit

on S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent

LEA

RN

ING

AC

TIV

ITIE

S...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....8

5

Ack

now

ledg

emen

ts

Proje

ct ma

nage

ment

by R

ola B

all E

dusc

ript.

Rese

arch

and w

riting

by E

ugen

ie Ba

nheg

yi, A

ndré

Cro

ucam

p, Di

ane F

avis,

Dr P

atrici

a Wats

on an

d Neil

Ver

laque

-Nap

per.

Histo

rical

cons

ultan

t: Phil

Bon

ner.

Pictu

re re

sear

ch by

Mar

ie Hu

man.

Illustr

ation

by A

lastai

r Find

lay.

Desig

n and

layo

ut by

Jero

me E

rasm

us an

d Neil

Ver

laque

-Nap

per.

Cove

r pho

togra

ph of

a foo

tprint

by A

lan K

eartla

nd.

Phot

o cr

edits

: Ahm

ed K

athra

da; A

P Ph

oto; A

rtist P

roof

Stud

io;

Baile

y’s A

frican

Hist

ory A

rchive

s; Ad

il Bra

dlow;

Luli C

allini

cos;

Cape

To

wn A

rchive

s Rep

osito

ry; C

hanc

ery o

f Ord

ers,

The P

resid

ency

; Dail

y De

spatc

h; De

partm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n; Fil

m Re

sour

ce U

nit; H

enne

r Fr

anke

nfeld;

Dr L

ance

lot G

ama;

Rash

id Lo

mbar

d; Be

nny G

ool; G

raaff

-Re

inet M

useu

m; M

arit G

reen

wood

; Pete

r Gre

enwo

od; G

over

nmen

t Co

mmun

icatio

ns an

d Info

rmati

on S

ervic

es; H

einem

ann S

A; S

teve H

ilton-

Barb

er; H

ollyb

rook

Mem

orial

; Inter

natio

nal O

rgan

isatio

n of M

igrati

on;

Jona

than B

all P

ublis

hers;

John

Car

ter B

rown

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The D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion g

ratef

ully a

ckno

wled

ges p

ermi

ssion

to re

prod

uce c

opyri

ght m

ateria

l in th

is pu

blica

tion.

Ever

y effo

rt ha

s bee

n ma

de to

trac

e cop

yrigh

t hold

ers,

but if

any c

opyri

ght in

fringe

ments

have

been

mad

e, the

Dep

artm

ent w

ould

be gr

ateful

for in

forma

tion t

hat

would

enab

le an

y omi

ssion

s or e

rrors

to be

corre

cted i

n sub

sequ

ent im

pres

sions

.

Alex

la G

uma (

1925

-198

5)

Can y

ou

imagin

e bei

ng

owned

by

anoth

er

hum

an b

eing a

s th

eir

own p

erso

nal

‘rea

l es

tate

’?

All

thro

ugho

ut h

isto

ry s

lave

s ha

ve b

een

capt

ured

in w

ars,

ki

dnap

ped

and

mad

e to

ser

ve a

gain

st th

eir w

ill, t

rade

d as

pu

nish

men

t for

a c

rim

e, o

r eve

n so

ld b

y th

eir p

aren

ts a

s a

way

of

sur

vivi

ng h

arsh

con

ditio

ns. B

ut s

lave

ry h

ad n

ever

exi

sted

on

such

a g

loba

l sca

le a

nd w

ith s

uch

delib

erat

e pl

anni

ng u

ntil

the

Tran

satla

ntic

Sla

ve T

rade

. It i

s es

timat

ed th

at A

fric

a lo

st 2

0% o

f its

po

pula

tion

to s

lave

ry.

It a

ll be

gan

in th

e 15

00s

whe

n Eu

rope

ans

deve

lope

d an

app

etite

for t

he s

ugar

, and

la

ter t

he to

bacc

o an

d co

tton

, tha

t the

y ha

d

disc

over

ed in

the

Am

eric

as, k

now

n th

en a

s th

e ‘N

ew W

orld

’. Th

ese

labo

ur-in

tens

ive

crop

s ne

eded

che

ap fa

rm la

bour

ers,

and

th

e Eu

rope

ans

turn

ed to

Afr

ica.

At fi

rst,

som

e A

fric

an le

ader

s so

ld th

eir d

efea

ted

enem

ies

and

crim

inal

s as

sla

ves.

But

thes

e w

eren

’t en

ough

for t

he E

urop

ean

dem

and.

In 1

552,

the

Kin

g of

the

Kon

go c

ompl

aine

d to

the

Kin

g of

Po

rtug

al: “

… th

e dem

and

is so

gre

at th

at w

e can

not c

ount

its s

ize,

sinc

e Po

rtug

uese

trad

ers a

re ev

ery

day

taki

ng o

ur p

eopl

e ...

[loca

l] th

ieve

s and

m

en o

f evi

l con

scie

nce s

eize

them

, wis

hing

to h

ave t

hing

s and

goo

ds

of y

our k

ingd

om. T

hey

seiz

e the

m a

nd se

ll th

em, a

nd S

ire,

so g

reat

is

the c

orru

ptio

n an

d lic

entio

usne

ss th

at o

ur c

ount

ry is

bei

ng c

ompl

etel

y de

popu

late

d.”

– Ba

sil D

avid

son,

The

Sto

ry o

f Afr

ica

(198

4)

A c

ombi

natio

n of

the

polit

ical

str

ife w

ithin

A

fric

a, th

e ra

cism

of E

urop

eans

, pre

judi

ce

agai

nst n

on-C

hris

tians

, and

the

incr

easi

ng

dem

and

for l

abou

r, fu

elle

d th

e tr

ade

in

slav

es fr

om A

fric

a.

In 1

705,

the

Vir

gini

an G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

in

Nor

th A

mer

ica,

dec

lare

d th

at, “

all

serv

ants

impo

rted

and

bro

ught

into

the

coun

try

… w

ho w

ere

not C

hris

tians

in th

eir

nativ

e co

untr

y sh

all b

e ac

coun

ted

to b

e sl

aves

. A

ll N

egro

, mul

atto

and

Indi

an s

lave

s w

ithin

th

is d

omin

ion

shal

l be

held

to b

e re

al e

stat

e.”

“Vas

t pop

ulat

ions

wer

e up

root

ed a

nd d

ispl

aced

, who

le

gene

ratio

ns d

isap

pear

ed, E

urop

ean

dise

ases

des

cend

ed li

ke a

pl

ague

, dec

imat

ing

both

cat

tle a

nd p

eopl

e, c

ities

and

tow

ns w

ere

aban

done

d, th

e th

read

s of

cul

tura

l and

his

tori

cal c

ontin

uity

w

ere

so s

avag

ely

torn

asu

nder

that

hen

cefo

rth

one

wou

ld h

ave

to th

ink

of tw

o A

fric

as: t

he o

ne b

efor

e an

d th

e on

e af

ter

the

holo

caus

t.” -–

Van

Ser

tima,

in A

fric

an R

enai

ssan

ce (1

999)

1444

– Th

e firs

t pub

lic sa

le of

Afric

an

slave

s, fro

m no

rther

n Mau

ritania

, in

Portu

gal.

1482

– Th

e Por

tugue

se st

art b

uildin

g a

perm

anen

t slav

e pos

t at E

limina

on th

e Go

ld Co

ast (

now

Ghan

a).

1510

– Sl

aves

arriv

e in t

he S

panis

h co

lonies

of S

outh

Amer

ica.

1532

– Th

e firs

t dire

ct sh

ipmen

t of s

laves

fro

m Af

rica t

o the

Ame

ricas

.16

52 –

The D

utch e

stabli

sh a

colon

y at

the C

ape o

f Goo

d Hop

e and

star

t im

portin

g slav

es.

1780

s – T

he Tr

ansa

tlanti

c Slav

e Tra

de

reac

hes t

he pe

ak of

its ac

tivity

.17

87 –

The S

ociet

y for

the A

boliti

on of

the

Slav

e Tra

de is

form

ed in

Brita

in.18

07 –

Brita

in pa

sses

the A

boliti

on of

the

Slav

e Tra

de A

ct.18

11 –

Spain

aboli

shes

slav

ery.

Its

colon

y Cub

a res

ists t

he ba

n.18

34 –

Brita

in pa

sses

the A

boliti

on of

Sl

aver

y Act,

bann

ing al

l form

s of s

laver

y thr

ough

out it

s colo

nies.

1865

– Th

e 13th

Ame

ndme

nt ab

olish

es

slave

ry in

the U

nited

Stat

es of

Ame

rica.

1869

– Po

rtuga

l abo

lishe

s slav

ery i

n all

its co

lonies

.18

86 –

Slav

ery i

s abo

lishe

d in C

uba.

1888

– Sl

aver

y is a

bolis

hed i

n Bra

zil.

1926

– Th

e Lea

gue o

f Nati

ons a

dopts

the

Slav

ery C

onve

ntion

aboli

shing

slav

ery.

1948

– Th

e UN

gene

ral a

ssem

bly ad

opts

the U

niver

sal D

eclar

ation

of H

uman

Ri

ghts,

inclu

ding a

n artic

le sta

ting,

“No

one s

hall b

e held

in sl

aver

y or s

ervit

ude;

slave

ry an

d the

slav

e tra

de sh

all be

pr

ohibi

ted in

all th

eir fo

rms.”

20

0th

An

niv

er

sary o

f t

he A

bo

lit

ion

of t

he T

ran

satl

an

tic S

lave T

rad

e

TW

O A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

B

EFO

RE

AN

D T

HE

ON

E

AFT

ER

TH

E H

OLO

CA

US

TIllu

strati

onof

slave

s be

ing so

ld by

au

ction

to th

e hig

hest

bidde

r.

Cape Town Archives Repository Cape Town Archives Repository

7

Alex

la G

uma’s

Litt

le Li

bby

Born

in D

istric

t Six,

best

know

n for

his

nove

ls an

d num

erou

s sho

rt sto

ries,

Alex

la

Guma

was

a lea

ding f

igure

in th

e an

ti-apa

rtheid

stru

ggle

durin

g the

1950

s an

d 196

0s. A

rreste

d, de

taine

d with

out

trial, b

anne

d, sh

ot at,

plac

ed un

der h

ouse

ar

rest,

alon

g with

155 o

thers

char

ged

with

treas

on an

d eve

ntuall

y acq

uitted

, he

and h

is fam

ily le

ft SA

in 19

66. In

exile

he

conti

nued

to w

rite an

d wor

k for

the l

ibera

tion o

f Sou

th Af

rica.

He

was t

he A

NC’s

Chief

Rep

rese

ntativ

e for

the r

egion

whe

n he d

ied

in Cu

ba.

His c

omic

strip

Little

Libb

y: Th

e Adv

entur

es of

Libe

ratio

n Ch

abala

la ap

pear

ed in

New

Age

betw

een M

arch

and N

ovem

ber

1959

. It te

lls th

e stor

y of a

small

impis

h cha

racte

r, Littl

e Libb

y, wh

ose a

dven

tures

take

him

from

the co

untry

side t

o the

city,

and

bring

him

into c

ontac

t with

some

of th

e wor

st as

pects

of ap

arthe

id su

ch as

force

d lab

our, p

ass l

aws a

nd fo

rced r

emov

als, a

nd w

ith

those

who

oppo

sed t

hese

evils

thr

ough

strik

es an

d stay

at

home

s.

Desp

ite su

ch se

rious

su

bject

matte

r, La G

uma

injec

ts co

nside

rable

humo

ur

into t

he st

ory t

hrou

gh sl

apsti

ck,

caric

ature

, moc

k dra

ma an

d the

pres

ence

of a

small

mou

se th

at co

mmen

ts on

even

ts or

enco

urag

es re

ader

s to

beco

me po

litica

lly ac

tive.

Them

ouse

par

ticip

ates

in th

e act

ion

and

inte

rven

es in

even

ts th

at o

ccur

in th

e main

pan

els to

ch

allen

ge th

e est

ablis

hed

orde

r and

empo

wer t

he p

ower

less.

In the

best

tradit

ion of

prog

ress

ive po

pular

cultu

re Li

ttle Li

bby

educ

ates,

enter

tains

, and

enco

urag

es us

to fig

ht for

justi

ce.

By: R

oger

Fiel

d, lec

turer

and P

hD ca

ndida

te,

Unive

rsity

of the

Wes

tern C

ape

6

© Mayibuye Centre, UWC

That

was

then

. Lo

ok a

t m

e now

. I’ve

got

a n

ew l

ife.

.. a

nd in

an o

ffic

ial

gov

ernm

ent

publica

tion,

no l

ess!

Th

ings

sure

hav

e ch

anged

!

Little

Libb

y - Th

e Adv

entur

es of

Libe

ratio

n Cha

balal

a,Ne

w Ag

e, 2 A

pril,

1959

.Co

urtes

y Wits

Afric

ana L

ibrar

y

Illustr

ation

of sl

aves

being

mar

ched

by fo

rce an

d in c

hains

acro

ss th

e Afric

an la

ndsc

ape.

Afric

a fue

ls we

ster

n ec

onom

ies“A

ccor

ding t

o lea

ding e

xper

ts, be

twee

n the

sixte

enth

and n

inetee

nth ce

nturie

s, ov

er 10

milli

on A

frican

s wer

e for

ceful

ly de

porte

d to t

he A

meric

as, th

ereb

y de

pletin

g the

Afric

an co

ntine

nt of

its m

ost

prec

ious h

uman

reso

urce

s and

stifli

ng

Afric

an de

velop

ment,

whil

e fue

lling t

he

econ

omies

of co

untrie

s in E

urop

e and

the

Ame

ricas

.”- K

oïchir

o Mats

uura

Dire

ctor-G

ener

al of

UNES

CO

The

Mid

dle

Pass

age

The

jour

ney

of a

sla

ve fr

om A

fric

a to

the

Am

eric

as -

calle

d th

e M

iddl

e Pa

ssag

e - w

as d

ehum

anis

ing

and

oppr

essi

ve. A

fter

sla

ves

wer

e ca

ptur

ed o

r rec

eive

d in

trad

e, th

ey w

ould

be

mar

ched

in

cha

ins

acro

ss th

e la

ndsc

ape

to fo

rts

esta

blis

hed

by d

iffer

ent

Euro

pean

nat

ions

alo

ng th

e co

ast.

Her

e th

ey w

ould

wai

t unt

il th

ey w

ere

cram

med

into

shi

ps fo

r lon

g an

d da

nger

ous

sea

jour

neys

to th

e N

ew W

orld

.

The

slav

es w

ere

trea

ted

like

carg

o an

d re

cord

ed a

s su

ch in

the

acco

untin

g bo

oks

of th

e sl

ave

trad

ers.

Kep

t bel

ow d

eck

- men

, w

omen

and

boy

s se

para

te -

they

wer

e ha

nd-c

uffe

d an

d th

eir

ankl

es b

olte

d to

the

floor

with

iron

leg

ring

s. T

hey

had

so li

ttle

sp

ace,

they

cou

ld o

nly

lie o

n th

eir s

ides

. The

voy

age,

oft

en in

ro

ugh

seas

, too

k at

leas

t tw

o m

onth

s. M

any

died

- as

muc

h as

20

% -

as a

resu

lt of

mal

nutr

ition

, dys

ente

ry, s

mal

l pox

and

oth

er

dise

ases

. Som

e ev

en c

omm

itted

sui

cide

.

Res

ista

nce

and

Reb

ellio

nA

fric

ans

resi

sted

thei

r ens

lave

men

t at e

very

opp

ortu

nity

. On

boar

d sh

ip th

ey w

ere,

“ev

er u

pon

the

wat

ch to

take

adv

anta

ge o

f the

le

ast n

eglig

ence

of t

heir

opp

ress

ors”

(Ale

xand

er F

alco

nbri

dge,

sla

ve

ship

’s s

urge

on).

Ove

r 250

shi

pboa

rd re

volts

wer

e re

port

ed. T

hese

us

ually

resu

lted

in s

lave

dea

ths.

The

sla

ve tr

ader

s tr

eate

d th

ese

deat

hs a

s “l

oss

of c

argo

”and

mad

e in

sura

nce

clai

ms.

Afr

ican

sla

ves

orga

nise

d hu

ndre

ds o

f upr

isin

gs a

nd re

belli

ons.

A

t an

indi

vidu

al le

vel,

the

grea

test

act

of r

ebel

lion

was

to e

scap

e.

This

took

con

side

rabl

e br

aver

y. R

ecap

ture

cou

ld le

ad to

cru

el

tort

ure

and

deat

h.

In B

razi

l, es

cape

d

slav

es d

evel

oped

a

uniq

ue d

ance

-lik

e m

artia

l art

kn

own

as C

apoe

ira

- pos

sibl

y ba

sed

on

dan

ces

from

A

ngol

a. S

lave

s th

at

wer

e re

capt

ured

ta

ught

Cap

oeir

a to

the

plan

tatio

n sl

aves

. Wha

t the

col

onis

ts s

aw a

s a

stra

nge

Sund

ay ri

tual

, with

m

uch

mus

ic a

nd c

lapp

ing,

was

act

ually

trai

ning

for r

evol

t. El

even

revo

lts e

vent

ually

led

to th

e ab

oliti

on o

f sla

very

in B

razi

l in

188

8.

In 1

791,

Fre

nch

slav

es in

Hai

ti be

gan

a w

ar th

at la

sted

13

year

s an

d en

ded

in th

eir v

icto

ry a

nd th

e in

depe

nden

ce o

f Hai

ti in

180

4.

Ove

r tim

e, s

lave

ry w

eake

ned

Afr

ica,

mak

ing

colo

nisa

tion

poss

ible

. In

1884

, the

Ber

lin C

onfe

renc

e di

vide

d A

fric

a be

twee

n En

glan

d, F

ranc

e, G

erm

any,

Por

tuga

l and

Spa

in. S

oon,

trad

ers

and

m

issi

onar

ies

led

the

occu

patio

n.

Back

grou

nd im

age:

Deta

il fro

m a d

rawi

ng of

the

slave

ship

“Bro

okes

”, sh

owing

how

slave

s wer

e to

be pa

cked

for t

rans

portin

g. On

ly a 4

0cm

width

wa

s allo

wed f

or ea

ch en

slave

d per

son.

Over

7 00

0 po

sters

with

this i

mage

wer

e dist

ribute

d dur

ing th

e An

ti-Slav

ery C

ampa

ign.

SLA

VE

RY

AT

TH

E C

AP

ETh

e fir

st s

lave

s br

ough

t to

the

Cap

e ar

rive

d ju

st tw

o ye

ars

afte

r Jan

van

R

iebe

eck

foun

ded

a re

fres

hmen

t st

atio

n fo

r Dut

ch s

hips

. He

also

st

arte

d a

scho

ol fo

r sla

ves.

Thi

s so

unds

like

the

dece

nt th

ing

to d

o,

but a

s w

e re

ad h

is jo

urna

l, w

e le

arn

abou

t his

true

mot

ives

and

str

ange

m

etho

ds.

17 A

pril

165

8: “

… T

he a

im o

f the

sch

ool s

houl

d be

to te

ach

our

slav

es

Dut

ch a

nd th

e C

hris

tian

relig

ion.

Thi

s w

ill h

elp

them

to u

nder

stan

d an

d ob

ey o

ur o

rder

s …

”19

Apr

il 1

658:

“To

enc

oura

ge s

lave

s to

att

end

scho

ol a

nd le

arn

thei

r C

hris

tian

pray

ers,

it h

as b

een

deci

ded

that

afte

r sc

hool

eve

ryon

e is

to

rece

ive

a gl

ass

of b

rand

y an

d tw

o in

ches

of t

obac

co.”

– T

hom

. Jou

rnal

of

Jan

van

Rie

beek

(195

2), c

ited

in P

oten

za &

Fav

is, H

ands

on

His

tory

(1

994)

The

Cap

e fr

om th

e m

id-1

600s

to th

e ea

rly

1800

s is

refe

rred

to a

s a

“sla

ve

soci

ety”

bec

ause

eve

ry a

spec

t of

life

relie

d on

sla

ves

of o

ne k

ind

or

anot

her.

By th

e tim

e sl

aver

y w

as

abol

ishe

d, m

ore

than

60

000

slav

es

had

been

bro

ught

to th

e C

ape.

Ott

o M

entz

el, a

Ger

man

who

live

d at

the

Cap

e in

the

1730

s,

desc

ribe

d th

e C

ape

slav

es a

s fo

llow

s:

“It i

s no

eas

y m

atte

r to

kee

p th

e sl

aves

und

er p

rope

r or

der

and

cont

rol.

The

cond

ition

of s

lave

ry h

as s

oure

d th

eir

tem

pers

. Mos

t sla

ves

are

a su

lky,

sav

age

and

disa

gree

able

cro

wd.

Fir

mne

ss a

s w

ell a

s ta

ct is

re

quir

ed to

kee

p th

em s

ubdu

ed. T

he s

lave

s be

long

ing

to th

e C

ompa

ny

are,

und

oubt

edly

, the

mos

t ras

cally

of a

ll. T

hey

also

rece

ive

the

wor

se

trea

tmen

t. Th

eir

food

is s

cant

y an

d co

arse

; the

ir w

eekl

y do

le o

f tob

acco

is

ofte

n ke

pt b

ack.

It w

ould

be

dang

erou

s to

giv

e th

em th

e sl

ight

est l

atitu

de;

a tig

ht h

old

mus

t alw

ays

be k

ept o

n th

e re

ins;

the

task

mas

ter’

s la

sh is

the

mai

n st

imul

us fo

r ge

ttin

g an

y w

ork

out o

f the

m. T

hose

sav

ages

who

are

ow

ned

priv

atel

y ar

e, w

ith fe

w e

xcep

tions

, muc

h be

tter

trea

ted

and

muc

h m

ore

amen

able

to g

ood

trea

tmen

t.” –

Ott

o M

entz

el.,

Des

crip

tion

of th

e C

ape (

1785

)

The

Cap

e ca

me

unde

r Bri

tish

cont

rol i

n 18

06. O

n 27

Oct

ober

180

8,

two

slav

es, L

ouis

of M

auri

tius

and

Abr

aham

van

der

Caa

b, w

ere

told

by

Iris

h sa

ilors

that

Bri

tain

had

end

ed th

e sl

ave

trad

e. T

his

prom

pted

the

two

slav

es to

lead

a g

roup

of a

bout

300

oth

er s

lave

s on

a p

eace

ful m

arch

from

Koe

berg

to th

e C

ape

to d

eman

d th

eir

free

dom

. The

y w

ere

atta

cked

by

gove

rnm

ent t

roop

s at

Sal

t Riv

er.

This

was

the

first

org

anis

ed a

ct o

f sla

ve re

sist

ance

at t

he C

ape.

H

isto

rian

Nig

el W

orde

n ha

s su

gges

ted

that

27

Oct

ober

,180

8 is

a

mor

e ap

prop

riat

e da

te fo

r Sou

th A

fric

a to

com

mem

orat

e th

an th

e 18

07 d

ate

of th

e A

bolit

ion

of th

e Tr

ansa

tlant

ic S

lave

Tra

de.

Sank

ofa (

1993

)Ha

ile G

erim

a’s fil

m be

gins w

ith a

fashio

n sho

ot at

a slav

e for

t in G

hana

. An

Ame

rican

fema

le mo

del, M

ona,

is re

prim

ande

d by t

he di

vine d

rumm

er,

Sank

ofa, fo

r sell

ing he

rself a

nd

disre

spec

ting t

his sa

cred s

ite. S

anko

fa’s

drum

ming

retur

ns A

frican

souls

, take

n du

ring t

he sl

ave t

rade

, to A

frica.

It also

se

nds M

ona b

ack i

n tim

e to e

xper

ience

wh

at it w

as lik

e to b

e ship

ped t

o Ame

rica

as a

slave

and s

old to

wor

k on a

suga

r pla

ntatio

n. Th

e hor

rors

she w

itnes

ses

and s

uffer

s her

self t

each

es he

r abo

ut he

r an

cesto

rs. H

ow ca

n this

know

ledge

help

her t

o find

herse

lf bac

k in h

er ow

n tim

e?

The f

ilm is

a sh

ockin

gly re

alisti

c por

traya

l of

the lif

e of s

laves

.

Musli

ms a

t the

Cap

eMa

ny of

the e

xiles

and p

rison

ers b

roug

ht to

the C

ape w

ere M

uslim

. Som

e wer

e re

lease

d afte

r ser

ving t

heir s

enten

ces

and t

hey b

egan

to fo

rm a

Musli

m co

mmun

ity of

‘free

-blac

ks’. O

ne su

ch

priso

ner w

as Im

am S

ayee

d Alaw

ie of

Moch

a, kn

own a

s Tua

n Say

eed.

After

11

year

s on R

obbe

n Isla

nd, h

e bec

ame t

he

first M

uslim

relig

ious l

eade

r, or im

am, in

the

Cap

e.

Anoth

er pr

isone

r, Ima

m Ab

dulla

h ibn

Qa

di Ab

dus S

alaam

, spe

nt mu

ch of

his

time o

n Rob

ben I

sland

writi

ng th

e 600

pa

geMa

r’rifa

h al-Is

lam w

a al-Im

am

(The

Man

ifesta

tion o

f Islam

and F

aith)

, wh

ich in

clude

d an i

deal

syste

m of

socia

l re

lation

s in w

hich s

laves

had r

ights

and

could

even

beco

me im

ams.

In 17

92,

a yea

r afte

r his

relea

se fr

om R

obbe

n Isl

and,

he st

arted

the f

irst m

adra

ssah

(M

uslim

scho

ol) at

39 D

orp S

treet.

Fro

m 17

93 –

1807

it en

rolle

d 372

slav

es an

d fre

e blac

k stud

ents.

From

1794

, Mus

lims a

lso m

et in

a Dor

p St

reet

ware

hous

e. It w

as tr

ansfo

rmed

int

o the

Auw

al Mo

sque

, the f

irst M

osqu

e in

the C

ape,

in 17

98. T

he m

adra

ssah

and

mosq

ue w

ere p

laces

whe

re sl

aves

wer

e tre

ated a

s equ

als by

free

peop

le an

d co

uld in

terac

t with

free

mem

bers

of the

so

cial u

nder

class

. Her

e the

y dev

elope

d a g

reate

r sen

se of

colle

ctive

iden

tity

with

other

slav

es. A

third

of C

ape T

own’s

po

pulat

ion w

as M

uslim

by 18

42.

98

Courtesy Wilberforce House Museum, Hull Museums

Artis

t, Alas

tair F

indlay

’s int

erpr

etatio

n of s

laves

ar

riving

at th

e Cap

e of G

ood H

ope o

n a sh

ipof

the D

utch E

ast In

dia C

ompa

ny in

the 1

750s

.

Courtesy StoryWorks, Cape Town.

Auwa

l Mos

que i

n Dorp

Stree

t, the

first

mosq

ue in

the C

ape.

Courtesy National Library of South Africa

Courtesy National Library of South Africa

Belo

w: S

lave s

ale no

tice.

Courtesy Film Resource Unit

Detai

l of a

paint

ing by

Joha

nn M

oritz

Rug

enda

s, 18

35, s

howi

ng sl

aves

perfo

rming

the

Capo

eira d

ance

. Cou

rtesy

John

Car

ter B

rown

Libr

ary.

THE

AN

TI-S

LAV

ERY

CA

MPA

IGN

IN B

RIT

AIN

...

The

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade

Act

was

pa

ssed

in B

rita

in o

n M

arch

25,

180

7.

This

mad

e it

illeg

al to

buy

, sel

l or

tran

spor

t sla

ves

thro

ugho

ut th

e Br

itish

Em

pire

. How

ever

, it

wou

ld b

e a

furt

her 2

7 ye

ars

- un

til 1

834

- bef

ore

the

owne

rshi

p of

sla

ves

wou

ld b

ecom

e ill

egal

in

the

Briti

sh E

mpi

re. T

he

succ

essf

ul p

assa

ge o

f the

se

Act

s of

Par

liam

ent w

as p

artly

th

e re

sult

of a

n in

tens

e an

d w

ell

orga

nise

d an

ti-sl

aver

y ca

mpa

ign

over

m

any

year

s.

This

cam

paig

n ca

n be

see

n as

the

prot

otyp

e fo

r all

succ

essf

ul

hum

an ri

ghts

cam

paig

ns th

at fo

llow

ed it

. The

ant

i-sla

very

ca

mpa

ign

pion

eere

d th

e us

e of

man

y of

the

advo

cacy

(p

rom

otio

nal)

tool

s th

at h

uman

righ

ts m

ovem

ents

use

toda

y.

An

orga

nisa

tion

wit

h m

embe

rs c

omm

itte

d to

a

sing

le v

isio

n: O

n 22

May

, 178

7, a

gro

up o

f abo

litio

nist

s -

peop

le c

omm

itted

to th

e ab

oliti

on o

f sla

very

- or

gani

sed

them

selv

es

into

the

Soci

ety

for t

he E

ffect

ive

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade.

Thi

s fu

nctio

ned

rath

er li

ke o

rgan

isat

ions

that

figh

t for

hum

an ri

ghts

to

day.

Thi

s soc

iety

had

a v

isio

n w

ith a

sing

le fo

cus.

It al

so h

ad a

m

embe

rshi

p, a

new

slet

ter a

nd a

fund

rais

ing

prog

ram

me.

Whi

le m

ost o

f the

mem

bers

wer

e fr

om th

e re

ligio

us g

roup

kno

wn

as th

e Q

uake

rs, t

hey

chos

e tw

o A

nglic

ans,

Gra

nvill

e Sh

arp

and

Th

omas

Cla

rkso

n, to

repr

esen

t the

m b

ecau

se

Brita

in w

as p

rim

arily

an

Ang

lican

cou

ntry

.

The

use

of

the

cour

ts t

o se

t le

gal p

rece

dent

s: T

he

abol

ition

ists

sta

rted

figh

ting

case

s th

at p

reve

nted

runa

way

sla

ves

from

bei

ng fo

rced

bac

k in

to s

lave

ry. A

suc

cess

ful c

ase

coul

d se

t a

prec

eden

t – in

oth

er w

ords

, it c

ould

cha

nge

the

patt

erns

of a

ll le

gal j

udgm

ents

from

that

poi

nt o

n.

To th

is d

ay, c

ampa

igne

rs fo

r all

sort

s of

cau

ses

try

to u

se th

e co

urts

as

a w

ay o

f cha

ngin

g th

e la

w, w

hich

, in

turn

, con

trib

utes

to

chan

ging

the

valu

es o

f soc

iety

.

Inve

stig

ativ

e re

sear

ch t

hat

pres

ents

acc

urat

e in

form

atio

n an

d st

atis

tics

: Peo

ple

like

Thom

as C

lark

son

inte

rvie

wed

doc

tors

and

trad

ers

who

had

an

intim

ate

know

ledg

e of

the

slav

e tr

ade.

He

also

col

lect

ed m

any

of th

e in

stru

men

ts o

f sla

very

– li

ke s

hack

les,

leg-

iron

s, th

umbs

crew

s an

d a

devi

ce fo

r for

ce-

feed

ing

slav

es w

ho w

ent o

n hu

nger

st

rike

, to

prov

ide

phys

ical

evid

ence

of a

buse

and

con

firm

the

test

imon

ies

he h

ad re

cord

ed.

He

also

col

lect

ed s

tatis

tics,

like

the

fact

that

20%

of s

lave

shi

p cr

ews

died

from

dis

ease

or i

ll tr

eatm

ent –

sho

win

g th

at s

lave

ry

was

bad

for s

ailo

rs a

s w

ell a

s fo

r sla

ves.

In th

is w

ay h

e co

uld

accu

rate

ly re

pres

ent a

pic

ture

of s

lave

ry th

at

ordi

nary

peo

ple

neve

r got

to s

ee. H

e re

pres

ente

d hi

s re

sear

ch in

an

inte

llige

nt a

nd u

nem

otio

nal w

ay, r

elyi

ng o

n fa

cts,

sta

tistic

s an

d ph

ysic

al e

vide

nce.

Thi

s ap

proa

ch h

as b

ecom

e th

e st

anda

rd

for t

he re

sear

ch u

sed

in h

uman

righ

ts re

port

s an

d in

vest

igat

ive

jour

nalis

m to

day.

Pub

lishi

ng p

erso

nal t

esti

mon

ies:

Th

e ab

oliti

onis

ts k

new

how

to g

et th

eir

info

rmat

ion

‘out

ther

e’. T

he Q

uake

rs h

ad

acce

ss to

a p

rint

ing

pres

s an

d na

tiona

l ne

twor

ks th

at th

ey c

ould

use

to d

istr

ibut

e th

eir i

nfor

mat

ion.

The

y pu

blis

hed

wid

ely.

M

any

of th

ese

publ

icat

ions

wer

e vi

vid

pe

rson

al te

stim

onie

s an

d so

me,

like

the

life

stor

y of

Equ

iano

, bec

ame

best

-sel

lers

.

“At l

ast w

e ca

me

in s

ight

of t

he is

land

of B

arba

does

, at w

hich

the

whi

tes

on b

oard

gav

e a

grea

t sho

ut, a

nd m

ade

man

y si

gns

of jo

y to

us.

We

did

not k

now

wha

t to

thin

k of

this

... M

any

mer

chan

ts a

nd p

lant

ers

now

ca

me

on b

oard

, tho

ugh

it w

as in

the

even

ing.

The

y pu

t us

in s

epar

ate

parc

els,

and

exa

min

ed u

s at

tent

ivel

y. T

hey

also

mad

e us

jum

p, a

nd

poin

ted

to th

e la

nd, s

igni

fyin

g w

e w

ere

to g

o th

ere.

We

thou

ght b

y th

is

we

shou

ld b

e ea

ten

by th

ese

ugly

men

, as

they

app

eare

d to

us;

and

, whe

n so

on a

fter

we

wer

e al

l put

dow

n un

der

the

deck

aga

in, t

here

was

muc

h dr

ead

and

trem

blin

g am

ong

us, a

nd n

othi

ng b

ut b

itter

cri

es to

be

hear

d al

l the

nig

ht fr

om th

ese

appr

ehen

sion

s ...

[The

nex

t mor

ning

] We

wer

e co

nduc

ted

imm

edia

tely

to th

e m

erch

ant’s

ya

rd, w

here

we

wer

e al

l pen

t up

toge

ther

like

so

man

y sh

eep

in a

fo

ld, w

ithou

t reg

ard

to s

ex o

r ag

e ...

We

wer

e no

t man

y da

ys in

the

mer

chan

t’s c

usto

dy b

efor

e w

e w

ere

sold

afte

r th

eir

usua

l man

ner,

whi

ch

is th

is: O

n a

sign

al g

iven

(as

the

beat

of a

dru

m),

the

buye

rs r

ush

at

once

into

the

yard

whe

re th

e sl

aves

are

con

fined

, and

mak

e ch

oice

of t

hat

parc

el th

ey li

ke b

est.

The

nois

e an

d cl

amou

r w

ith w

hich

this

is a

tten

ded,

an

d th

e ea

gern

ess

visi

ble

in th

e co

unte

nanc

es o

f the

buy

ers,

ser

ve n

ot

a lit

tle to

incr

ease

the

appr

ehen

sion

s of

the

terr

ified

Afr

ican

s, w

ho m

ay

wel

l be

supp

osed

to c

onsi

der

them

as

the

min

iste

rs o

f tha

t des

truc

tion

to

whi

ch th

ey th

ink

them

selv

es d

evot

ed. I

n th

is m

anne

r, w

ithou

t scr

uple

, ar

e re

latio

ns a

nd fr

iend

s se

para

ted,

mos

t of t

hem

nev

er to

see

eac

h ot

her

agai

n.

- Ola

udah

Equ

iano

, The

Inte

rest

ing

Nar

rativ

e of

the

Life

of O

laud

ah

Equi

ano,

or

Gus

tavu

s V

assa

, The

Afr

ican

, wri

tten

by

him

self

(178

9)

Muc

h of

the

effe

ctiv

e m

edia

of h

uman

righ

ts g

roup

s to

day

relie

s on

pub

licat

ions

of p

erso

nal t

estim

onie

s w

ith w

hich

peo

ple

can

easi

ly id

entif

y. (S

ee b

ox o

n th

e ri

ght.)

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Sing

le Vi

sion

Amne

sty In

terna

tiona

l (AI)

is a w

orldw

ide

move

ment

of pe

ople

who c

ampa

ign

for in

terna

tiona

lly re

cogn

ised h

uman

rig

hts. A

I has

a va

ried n

etwor

k of m

ore

than 2

.2 mi

llion m

embe

rs wo

rldwi

de.

Altho

ugh t

hey c

ome f

rom

many

diffe

rent

back

grou

nds a

nd ha

ve w

idely

differ

ent

politi

cal a

nd re

ligiou

s beli

efs, th

ey ar

e un

ited b

y the

ir dete

rmina

tion t

o wor

k for

a w

orld

wher

e eve

ryone

enjoy

s hum

an

rights

.

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Lega

l Pre

cede

ntW

hen p

arlia

ment

pass

es a

law, it

cann

ot im

agine

all th

e pos

sible

case

scen

arios

. So

metim

es th

e law

need

s to b

e ada

pted.

In So

uth A

frica,

the hi

gher

cour

ts ar

e all

owed

to co

ntinu

e dev

elopin

g the

law

by

settin

g new

lega

l pre

cede

nts th

at low

er

cour

ts the

n hav

e to f

ollow

. For

exam

ple:

A Hi

ndu s

tuden

t was

told

that w

earin

g a n

ose s

tud to

scho

ol wa

s aga

inst th

e sc

hool’

s cod

e of c

ondu

ct - w

hich t

he

scho

ol ha

d a le

gal ri

ght to

impo

se. T

he

stude

nt sa

id tha

t the n

ose s

tud w

as an

ex

pres

sion o

f her

cultu

ral p

racti

ces a

nd

relig

ious b

eliefs

. She

took

the c

ase t

o the

Du

rban

Mag

istra

te’s E

quali

ty Co

urt. T

hat

cour

t sup

porte

d the

scho

ol’s d

ecisi

on. T

he

stude

nt the

n too

k the

case

to th

e Nata

l Hi

gh C

ourt.

In 20

06, th

e High

Cou

rt se

t a

legal

prec

eden

t stat

ing th

at the

prev

ious

cour

t had

disre

gard

ed th

e stud

ent’s

re

ligiou

s and

cultu

ral ri

ghts,

and t

hat

the pr

ohibi

tion o

f nos

e stud

s for

Hind

u stu

dents

was

disc

rimina

tory a

nd di

d not

value

cultu

ral d

iversi

ty in

South

Afric

a.

Meda

ls co

mmem

orati

ng th

e Abo

lition

of th

e Slav

e Tra

de A

ct we

re po

pular

in B

ritain

in the

early

1800

s.

Exam

ples o

f stam

ps pr

oduc

ed by

the R

oyal

Mail i

n Brita

in to

comm

emor

ate th

e Abo

lition

of th

e Slav

e Tra

de A

ct.

... A

HU

MA

N R

IGH

TS

CA

MPA

IGN

MO

DE

LHu

man

Rig

hts C

ampa

igns

Toda

y:In

form

atio

n an

d St

atist

icsCA

ST (C

oaliti

on to

Abo

lish S

laver

y an

d Tra

ffickin

g), th

e only

Ame

rican

or

ganis

ation

dedic

ated s

olely

to sto

pping

hu

man t

raffic

king,

uses

stati

stics

to tr

y to

conv

ince A

meric

ans t

o figh

t slav

ery.

For e

xamp

le, ac

cord

ing to

their

rese

arch

, ev

ery 1

0 minu

tes, a

wom

an or

child

is

traffic

ked i

nto th

e Unit

ed S

tates

for f

orce

d lab

our. I

n 199

9, the

CIA

estim

ated t

hat

45,00

0 wom

en an

d chil

dren

are t

raffic

ked

to the

Unit

ed S

tates

annu

ally.

Curre

ntly,

there

is no

t one

shelt

er fo

r suc

h per

sons

in

the U

nited

Stat

es. H

uman

traff

icking

ha

s bec

ome a

$9 bi

llion a

year

glob

al ind

ustry

and i

s inc

reas

ingly

an ac

tivity

of

orga

nised

crim

e. (w

ww.ca

stla.o

rg/fa

cts)

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Pers

onal

Test

imon

ies“I

was r

ecru

ited .

.. to b

e a do

mesti

c se

rvant

in Sa

udi A

rabia

... I s

aw it

as an

op

portu

nity t

o imp

rove

my s

ituati

on an

d tha

t of m

y moth

er ...

I was

surp

rised

that

when

we w

ere b

eing s

electe

d to g

o to

our e

mploy

ers,

the “p

retty

” girls

wer

e tol

d to s

tand t

o one

side

whil

e the

less

att

racti

ve on

es w

ere p

ut in

anoth

er gr

oup.

Unfor

tunate

ly for

me,

I was

chos

en as

a “p

retty

” one

. I en

ded u

p in S

audi

Arab

ia,

worki

ng fo

r a ba

chelo

r. He r

epea

tedly

rape

d me a

nd I f

ell pr

egna

nt ...

I gav

e bir

th to

my so

n in j

ail an

d the

y [the

polic

e] too

k him

away

from

me.

I wen

t mad

and

refus

ed to

eat a

nd sh

outed

and s

houte

d un

til the

y bro

ught

him to

me t

wice

a we

ek.”

Testi

mony

of a

youn

g Ethi

opian

wom

an

from

Brea

king t

he C

ycle

of Vu

lnera

bility

,Int

erna

tiona

l Org

anisa

tion f

or M

igrati

on

(200

6)

1110

Fron

tispie

ce of

Olau

dah E

quian

o.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy Royal Main.

Courtesy International Organisation for Migration.

An ex

ample

of le

g-iro

ns.

Popu

lar

med

ia: W

hile

pri

ntin

g w

as a

pow

erfu

l too

l, at

th

at ti

me

only

hal

f of t

he B

ritis

h po

pula

tion

was

lite

rate

. The

ab

oliti

onis

ts u

sed

all t

he m

edia

ava

ilabl

e to

them

- po

ster

s,

cart

oons

, poe

ms,

son

gs -

and

soug

ht th

e su

ppor

t of t

he c

eleb

ritie

s of

the

day.

Man

y fa

mou

s pe

ople

sup

port

ed th

e A

nti-S

lave

ry

Cam

paig

n, in

clud

ing

artis

ts li

ke W

illia

m T

urne

r and

Will

iam

Bl

ake,

and

poe

ts li

ke W

illia

m C

owpe

r, Sa

mue

l Tay

lor C

oler

idge

, H

anna

h M

ore

and

Will

iam

Wor

dsw

orth

.

Cea

se, y

e Br

itish

Son

s of

mur

der!

C

ease

from

forg

ing

Afr

ic’s

Cha

in;

Moc

k yo

ur S

avio

ur’s

nam

e no

fu

rthe

r,C

ease

you

r sa

vage

lust

of g

ain.

Ye th

at b

oast

“Ye

rul

e th

e w

aves

,”Bi

d no

Sla

ve S

hip

soil

the

sea,

Ye t

hat “

neve

r will

be s

lave

s,”

Bid

poor

Afr

ic’s

land

be

free

.

Han

nah

Mor

e, T

he

Sorr

ows

of Y

amba

(179

7)

Bra

ndin

g an

d m

erch

andi

sing

: Lik

e m

any

mod

ern

day

hum

an ri

ghts

mov

emen

ts, t

he

Qua

ker-

led

Soci

ety

for E

ffec

ting

the

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade

had

a lo

go. I

n 17

88, t

he

soci

ety

appr

oved

a d

esig

n “e

xpre

ssiv

e of

an

Afr

ican

in C

hain

s in

a S

uppl

icat

ing

Post

ure”

.

The

desi

gn w

as u

sed

to b

rand

soc

iety

pu

blic

atio

ns a

nd b

anne

rs. S

uppo

rter

s of

the

Ant

i-Sla

very

Cam

paig

n us

ed th

e de

sign

on

chin

awar

e, s

nuff

boxe

s,

cuffl

inks

, bra

cele

ts, h

at

pins

and

oth

er fa

shio

n ac

cess

orie

s. P

eopl

e us

ed

thes

e ite

ms

to s

how

th

eir s

uppo

rt fo

r the

A

nti-S

lave

ry C

ampa

ign.

Con

sum

er

boyc

otts

: One

of t

he m

ost

pow

erfu

l way

s to

cha

nge

a sy

stem

is th

roug

h bo

ycot

t - “

the

act

of a

bsta

inin

g fr

om u

sing

, buy

ing,

or

deal

ing

with

som

eone

or

som

e ot

her

orga

nisa

tion

as a

n ex

pres

sion

of p

rote

st o

r as

a m

eans

of c

oerc

ion”

(W

ikip

edia

). M

any

slav

es w

orke

d on

sug

ar p

lant

atio

ns, s

o in

17

91 a

cam

paig

n to

boy

cott

sug

ar w

as

orga

nise

d. S

ome

estim

ates

sug

gest

that

30

0 00

0 pe

ople

sto

pped

usi

ng s

ugar

. Th

ey li

tera

lly v

oted

in th

e w

ay th

ey

shop

ped.

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Popu

lar M

edia

Form

er P

resid

ent N

elson

Man

dela

kisse

s US

sing

er, B

eyon

cé K

nowl

es, a

t the

Nelso

n Man

dela

AIDS

Ben

efit C

once

rt in

Cape

Town

, Nov

embe

r 29,

2003

.

“The

desig

n was

symb

olic b

oth ar

tistic

ally

and p

olitic

ally.

In ad

dition

to ev

oking

cla

ssica

l art,

the f

igure

’s nu

dity s

ignifie

d a

state

of no

bility

and f

reed

om, y

et he

was

bo

und b

y cha

ins. B

lack f

igure

s, us

ually

de

picted

as se

rvants

or su

pplic

ants,

typ

ically

knelt

in th

e art

of the

perio

d, at

a tim

e whe

n mem

bers

of the

uppe

r clas

ses

did no

t kne

el wh

en pr

aying

; this

partic